Street Railways. Contributory Negligence. Liability in Tort When Ordinance Gives Pedestrians the Right of Way

Greening of roads contributes to the protection of roads and their elements from influence of adverse weather and climatic factors; it includes the measures for improvement and landscaping of roads, ensures the protection of roadside areas from transport pollution, provides visual orientation of drivers. The solution of these issues will ensure creation and maintenance of safe and comfortable conditions for travelers. Green plantings in the right-of-way road area include woody, bushy, flower and grass vegetation of natural and artificial origin. For proper operation of public roads and satisfaction of other needs of the industry, there may be the need in removing the greenery. The reason for the removal of greenery in the right-of-way road area may be due to the following factors: construction of the architectural object, widening of the motor road, repair works in the security zone of overhead power lines, water supply, drainage, heating, telecommunications facilities, cutting of hazardous, dry and fautal trees, as well as self-grown and brushwood trees with a root neck diameter not exceeding 5 cm, elimination of the consequences of natural disasters and emergencies. The removal of plantations in the right-of-way area is executed in order to ensure traffic safety conditions and to improve the quality of plantations composition and their protective properties. Nowadays, in Ukraine there is no clear procedure for issuing permits for removing of such plantations. In order to resolve this issue, there is a need in determining the list of regulations in the area of forest resources of Ukraine and, if needed, the list of regulatory acts that have to be improved; to prepare a draft of the regulatory legal act that would establish the procedure of plantations cutting, the methodology of their condition determination, recovery costs determination, the features of cutting. Keywords: plantations, cutting, right-of-way, woodcutting permit, order.

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Yielding the Right of Way: An Informal Look

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1985.61.1.222 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 222-222

Author(s):

John Trinkaus

Keyword(s):

Right Of Way ◽

The Right

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Evaluating and Improving Locomotive Crashworthiness Using LS-DYNA

10.1115/imece2000-2137 ◽

2000 ◽

Author(s):

Stephen J. Kokkins ◽

S. Kash Kasturi ◽

Wayne Kong ◽

S. K. John Punwani

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Structural Design ◽

Structural Models ◽

Structural Behavior ◽

Right Of Way ◽

Dynamic Finite Element ◽

Rail Vehicles ◽

Linear Material ◽

The Right ◽

Modeling Code

Abstract Representative structural models of locomotives, other rail vehicles, and other potential colliding objects were combined into moving consists which were then subjected to various collision scenarios. The LS-DYNA dynamic finite-element modeling code was utilized to realistically simulate collisions and guide understanding and improvements of the locomotive structures. This incorporated the effects of the collision interactions, plus critical non-linear material and structural behavior, buckling, fracture, kinematics, and wayside interactions of the vehicles. The types of collisions included: locomotive-headed consists striking standing consists obliquely fouling the Right Of Way, headed both by freight cars and other locomotives; locomotives striking loose, loaded intermodal containers dislodged from opposing cars on adjacent track. Work on multiple coupled locomotive overrides in direct consist collisions is now being conducted. The effects of varying parameters such as collision speeds, location and orientation of the colliding vehicles, and structural improvements were explored and quantified. Also, the effects of some structural design modifications such as stronger collision posts and cab structure were evaluated using this process. Verification studies to date have shown good correlation between the analytical simulations and observed outcome of actual historical accidents.

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Possibilities of Spatial Data to Determine the Extent of the Occupancy of the Right-of-Way by Large-Format Advertisements

Real Estate Management and Valuation ◽

10.1515/remav-2017-0009 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 5-19

Author(s):

Agnieszka Bieda ◽

Anita Kwartnik-Pruc ◽

Edyta Puniach

Keyword(s):

Spatial Data ◽

Objective Assessment ◽

Common Element ◽

Real Property ◽

Large Format ◽

The Road ◽

Noticeable Increase ◽

Right Of Way ◽

The Right ◽

Real Estate Management

Abstract Large-format advertisements are becoming a more and more common element of building facades, especially in city centers. Placing an object of this type is not without significance to the real property management. A large-format advertising billboard on the facade, on the one hand, is associated with the possibility of renting advertising space, on the other - it can lead to the occupancy of a right-of-way, which results in a necessity to pay appropriate fees, in the amount regulated by the Act on Public Roads. Placing an object such as a large-format advertising billboard in a right-of-way requires a permit of the manager of this road. However, if a billboard is located on the facade of a building, occupancy of the right-of-way is not always the case. If the boundary of the road parcel runs along the contour of the building, a billboard placed on the elevation will always occupy the right-of-way. However, property boundaries often run at a distance from the building. Such situations - desired by managers - result in a noticeable increase in demand for surveying opinions to determine what part of the right-of-way is occupied by a large-format advertisement. This article analyzes the cases of the right-of-way being occupied by large-format advertising placed on the facades of buildings in the city center. For selected objects, information was obtained from public records, National Cartographic Documentation Center database, and direct surveying was performed with various techniques. This allowed for an objective assessment of the possible use of available surveying methods and the acquired spatial data to determine the right-of-way occupied by large-format advertisements for purposes of real estate management.

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More Field Ecology: Rightofway Island

Swimming Lessons ◽

10.1093/oso/9780195148527.003.0035 ◽

2002 ◽

Author(s):

David Ehrenfeld

Keyword(s):

New England ◽

Salt Marshes ◽

The United States ◽

Field Trips ◽

Power Lines ◽

Small Game ◽

Human Voice ◽

Right Of Way ◽

Railroad Tracks ◽

The Right

On all but one of the field trips in my Field Ecology course, I take my students to the sorts of places that they have been to before: the beach, the pinelands, the Highlands forest, farms, old fields, streams, salt marshes, suburbs. But on the third trip, after the ones to the campus and to the experimental plots at Hutcheson Forest, we go to a place that is, for all its superficial familiarity, altogether different and exotic. This trip is to America’s deserted empire, what the person who knew it best, ecologist Frank Egler, described as the Right of way Domain. Right-of-way land comprises at least fifty to seventy-five million acres in the United States, an area larger than New England. It is disposed as long strips of property along railroad tracks, roads, and canals; under power lines; and above buried pipelines. Many of these rights-of-way, even those in heavily populated areas, are scarcely ever visited by people—they are cut off from human presence by fences, no-trespassing signs, patrolling police, dense vegetation, and a scarcity of reasons to set foot in them. True, some abandoned rights-of-way have been put to use. The tow-path and adjacent land along the old Delaware–Raritan Canal, which winds its way for many miles through central New Jersey, has become a very long, very narrow, very popular state park. Indeed, this is the park that has helped protect the forest along the Millstone River, which I de-scribed earlier. Hunters love the rights-of-way under power lines, which attract deer and small game. And disused railroad lines have been turned into foot and bike trails in several parts of the country. But many rights-of-way, totaling a huge amount of land, go for months or years without feeling a human step or hearing a human voice. These places are them-selves neither urban nor suburban nor rural; neither settled nor wilder-ness. They are a quintessential part of what author James Howard Kunstler has called “the geography of nowhere.” In my right-of-way trip we start with a boggy strip of land above a transcontinental gas pipeline.

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The impact of power lines on phytocenoses of the regional reserve “Uporovsky”, Tyumen Region, Russia

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202016407030 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 164 ◽

pp. 07030

Author(s):

Elena Popova

Keyword(s):

Nature Reserve ◽

Power Transmission ◽

Electrical Power ◽

Power Line ◽

Power Lines ◽

Individual Species ◽

Right Of Way ◽

Synanthropization Index ◽

The Right ◽

The Impact

The article reflects the results of anthropogenic impact on phytocenoses of the territory of the Uporovsky regional nature reserve (Uporovsky district, Tyumen region, Russia). On the territory of the Uporovsky regional nature reserve (Uporovsky district, Tyumen region) there is a 110 kV electrical power transmission line (power line) which has the length of 8 kilometers and the right-of-way width of about 30 meters. This power line is undoubtedly the main source of anthropogenic electromagnetic radiation in this area. The degree of participation of individual species in the herbage was determined by taking into account their relative abundance. When exposed to the power lines in the right-of-way area, flora biodiversity decreases due to the loss of a number of species. The effect of electromagnetic fields causes transformation of the vegetation cover, synanthropization and the subsequent complete destruction of natural vegetation. To determine the degree of anthropogenic load on the studied phytocenoses, the synanthropization index is determined. In the synanthropic fraction of the flora, 30 species belonging to 12 families were identified. The synanthropization index of the studied phytocenoses ranges from 6.6% to 81.2%. The largest number of synanthropic species is observed in the anthropogenic area.

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Driver Behavior in Yielding to Sighted and Blind Pedestrians at Roundabouts

Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness ◽

10.1177/0145482x0509900504 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 99 (5) ◽

pp. 286-302 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Duane R. Geruschat ◽

Shirin E. Hassan

Keyword(s):

Driver Behavior ◽

Entry And Exit ◽

Right Of Way ◽

The Right

This study evaluated drivers’ behavior in yielding the right-of-way to sighted and blind pedestrians who stood at different stopping distances from the crosswalk lines at entry and exit lanes at two different roundabouts. The findings demonstrate that drivers’ willingness to yield to pedestrians is affected by whether they are attempting to cross at the entry or exit to the roundabout and, under some conditions, by the presence of a long cane.

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Evaluation of technical and economic effect from setup of distributed photovoltaic generation on the Right-of-Way land of the North Caucasus Railway

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201911405004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 114 ◽

pp. 05004 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ibragim Asanov ◽

Elizaveta Sharaborova ◽

Egor Loktionov

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Power Plants ◽

Economic Effect ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Solar Panels ◽

North Caucasus ◽

Long Distance ◽

Right Of Way ◽

The North ◽

The Right

In this work, we consider the concept of using a distributed solar power plant, setup on the right-of-way of the railroad. The proposed solution allows to shave peaks of electricity consumption without additional land alienation, using the existing power grids. The concept includes the setup of solar panels on the alienated land of the railroad. PV can be placed directly on the cross ties using damping elements, on the embankment slopes and on the right-of-way land. This solution allows minimizing the cost of solar panels installation along the railway tracks. The North Caucasus railway was considered to assess the gross, technical and economic potential of the proposed solution. The operational length of the railroad there is 6,472 km. The railway consists of large non-electrified sections, segments powered with 25 kV AC and 3 kV DC. The railroad is used not only for cargo transport, but also for long-distance and suburban passenger traffic. We have considered different scenarios for right-of-way land use rate and have shown that possible project costs could be reduced by ca. 25% by double land use only. This does not include shared electric grid infrastructure use that also should benefit considerably, but is hard to be estimated. While the potential nameplate capacity of such power plants within one region is 10s-100s of MW.

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