scholarly journals Cárdenas and the Caste War that Wasn’t: State Power and Indigenismo in Post-Revolutionary Yucatán

1997 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben W. Fallaw
Keyword(s):  
Land Reform ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
Ethnic Relations ◽  
The State ◽  
Rural Poor ◽  
Subsequent Period ◽  
National Reconstruction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Caste War ◽  
The Revolution

The Caste War that devastated Yucatán in the middle of the nineteenth century cast a long shadow across ethnic relations and politics in the state decades after its effective end. During the Mexican Revolution and the subsequent period of national reconstruction, revolutionary politicians invoked the Caste War as a precursor to the Revolution and as justification for post-Revolutionary projects, in particular indigenismo. The state’s indigenist policy advocated, in the words of Alan Knight, the “emancipation and integration of Mexico’s exploited Indian groups.” To this end, it offered indigenous people education, legal support, even land; however, these “modernizing” policies also destroyed or appropriated much of their culture and subordinated them to the state. The legacy of the Caste War shaped such indigenist projects in Yucatán from the Revolution to (at least) the 1930s, but its influence was strongest during Cardenas’ visit to Yucatán in August of 1937. The president not only reinterpreted the Caste War to justify land reform and a broad indigenist project; he attempted to mobilize the Yucatecan peasantry along class and ethnic lines and threatened recalcitrant landlords with another caste war should they oppose him. Once armed, however, peasant soldiers turned their rifles not against the landowners but against each other. This essays explores how the Caste War’s legacy shaped the development and deployment of indigenist projects in Yucatán from the Revolution to the late 1930s, focusing on Cárdenas’ aborted mobilization. Along the way, it will consider the impact and efficacy of state-sponsored indigenismo. Above all, it seeks to understand why state efforts to champion the cause of the Maya failed to unify the rural poor of Yucatán under the banner of Cardenismo.

Returning to the Roots

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-165
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Shams
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
The State ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Political Influences ◽  
Persian Poetry ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Village ◽  
Revolutionary Period ◽  
The Revolution

This chapter explores the enduring symbiosis between the village motif, social justice, and populist politics in Iran during the first three decades after the revolution. At first, it briefly highlights the evolution of the allegorical village in classical and contemporary Persian poetry. The focus will later be shifted towards the representation of the village in revolutionary poetry. We will see that it has remained a recurring motif in Persian poetry of the post-revolutionary period, employed by a variety of writers and state institutions for a range of means. As a symbol, it has been a conduit into which any ideology can be poured; the village allegory can be manipulated to both condemn and support the official politics of the state. The chapter examines the key socio-political influences behind the evolution of rural themes, the work of official poets, and the impact of the village on the cultural doctrine of the Islamic Republic.

Calculating Pragmatism:The High Politics of the Banco Ejidal in Twentieth-century Mexico

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-363
Author(s):  
Nicole Mottier
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
Popular Imagination ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
Lazaro Cardenas ◽  
High Politics ◽  
The Revolution

The battles that peasants waged during the Mexican Revolution translated into a series of agrarian and agricultural institutions, and one of these was the Banco Nacional de Crédito Ejidal, created in 1926. Histories deeply engrained in both the popular imagination of Mexico and scholarly historiography have offered a generic classic narrative of ejidal credit, beginning with Lázaro Cárdenas. He and his cabinet sought to transform theejidointo the engine of agricultural growth for the nation and carried out a sweeping and (in qualified ways) successful land reform, thereby bringing the revolution to the fullest fruition many Mexicans would ever know. It is assumed that ejidal credit peaked during Cárdenas's administration in two major ways: first, it was in this period that ejidal credit societies received the most loans from the Banco Nacional del Crédito Ejidal, and second, it was during the same period that the bank clearly and unanimously embraced social reform goals over orthodox banking goals.

Mexico: The Evolution of a Multiparty State

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Hamilton ◽  
Patrice Olsen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political System ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Drug War ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
The Impact

Several distinct features have shaped Mexico’s political development, among them its geographic characteristics, including its proximity to, and shifting relations with, the United States; the existence of a significant indigenous population whose distinct cultures and interaction with the Spanish colonists helped determine the trajectory of Mexican history; and the Mexican revolution, which in turn shaped the political system and ideology of much of the 20th century. These in turn have influenced research issues and debates, including (a) conceptualizations of the indigenous populations and the impact of colonialism (caste system vs. mestizo/cosmic race), growing emphasis on size and identity of indigenous groups and other minorities, and the search for autonomy by indigenous communities; (b) foreign relations, and especially the impact of the United States, including annexation of half of Mexico’s territory following the Mexican–American War, foreign ownership and control of Mexican assets (dependent development, “triple alliance”), and the impact of globalization and neoliberalism (outward- vs. inward-oriented development, North American Free Trade Agreement, cross-border alliances); (c) the nature and impact of the Mexican revolution, including origins and goals of distinct revolutionary groups, the Constitution, reforms and their limits in the early postrevolutionary period, and the creation of a unique political system combining elements of flexibility and repression; (d) the role of the state, including debates regarding the independence of the state vs. class control, and its significance in the protection of national interests and promoting social reforms and economic development; and (e) migration, including U.S. recruitment of Mexican labor, increasing emphasis on the Mexican border and restrictions on migrants, contributions of Mexican migrants to Mexico (remittances, hometown associations and other associations linking Mexicans to their home communities), and cooperation of Mexico with the United States in controlling Central American migration. International research issues, including concerns about human rights and the rights of women, minorities and other disadvantaged groups, as well as developments in Mexico in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, have also had an important impact on Mexican research, among them (a) democratization, including the role of social groups, decentralization, and the limits to democracy (ongoing corruption, fraudulent elections, and continued poverty and inequality), and (b) the drug issue, including the emergence of the cartels and increased violence with the militarization of the drug war under the Calderón presidency, policy concentrating on kingpin strategy, and the role of the United States as drug market and supplier of guns as well as a source of assistance in the drug war focused on military aid and the destruction of drug producing areas. These conditions present formidable challenges to President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, whose anticorruption, proreform agenda and widespread support brought hope for change.

scholarly journals El papel de los comités Pro-Estado en la creación del estado de Baja California

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Douglas Taylor Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Baja California ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
The Impact

Resumen:El artículo trata del papel de los Comités Pro-Estado en la formación de Baja California como estado. Se analizan las raíces de la autonomía política en la península, que se remontan al Porfiriato, así como el impacto de la Revolución Mexicana sobre este proceso. Se examinan los diversos movimientos pro- estado que surgieron de 1929 en adelante la composición de sus grupos de integrantes, sus objetivos y contribuciones principales en términos de dirigir el sentimiento popular hacia la realización de esta meta.Palabras clave: Baja California, Autonomía política, Revolución Mexicana, Comités ciudadanos, Norte de México.Abstract:The article deals with the role of the Pro- State Committees in the formation the state of Baja California. It analyzes the roots of political autonomy in the peninsula, which go back to the Porfiriato, as well as the impact of the Mexican Revolution on this process. It also examines the various pro- State movements which emerged from 1929 on, with regard to the composition of the member groups, their objectives and principal contributions in terms of directing popular sentiment towards the fulfilment of this goal.Key words: Baja California, Political autonomy, Mexican Revolution, Citizen comitees, Northern Mexico.

The Economy during the Mexican Revolution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
Domestic Markets ◽  
Export Agriculture ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Revolution

The Mexican economy consisted of activities at the international, national, and local levels, including the export of minerals and agricultural commodities, manufactures and agriculture for domestic markets, and production of goods for everyday consumption, respectively. The impact of a decade of civil wars between 1910 and 1920, which comprised the Mexican Revolution, on the economy varied according to which level, the time period, and the geographical region. The crucial aspects of the economy consisted of transportation and communications, banking, mining, export agriculture, and government policies and actions. The important factors were the intensity of the violence, inflation, and the availability of capital. Chronologically, there were several stages to the economic history of the Revolution. The first consisted of the years of the Madero rebellion and presidency, 1910–1913, when there was little damage done and growth continued. The second and worst period was during 1914, 1915, and 1916, when the counterrevolutionary Huerta regime battled the rebel Constitutionalists and after the latter’s victory the ensuing civil war between the divided winners. The third stage occurred with the defeat of the radical factions of the Revolution led by Zapata and Villa and the restoration of a semblance of order in 1917. The fourth included the establishment of the Sonoran dynasty of de la Huerta, Obregón, and Calles and the slow reconstruction of the economy.

Measuring the Impact of Land Reform Policy in Nigeria

1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Land Reform ◽  
National Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Reform Policy ◽  
Land Reforms ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Intellectual Traditions ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The imperative to regulate and redistribute land has become almost universal to governments in the developing world. In Africa, this kind of policy has been couched in impressive language that justifies increasing regulatory control as the only viable way to revolutionise the productive use of land for national development. Land reforms often signify one element of a larger trend involving the expansion of the state at the expense of other forms of societal authority. As such, they represent the frontier of a widening struggle over legitimacy and control between ‘state’ and ‘society’. Scholars from a wide variety of intellectual traditions have recently shown increasing interest in exploring the nature and impact of the state. However, the overall utility of such an approach in helping us to understand political developments in Africa has often been hindered by the absence of empirical data.

scholarly journals Los magonistas en La Protesta. Lecturas rioplatenses del anarquísmo en México, 1906-1929

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (019) ◽  
Author(s):  
PABLO YANKELEVICH
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
First Moment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Third Moment ◽  
The Revolution

THIS ARTICLE STUDIES THE IMPACT AND PERCEPTION OF MAGONISM IN THE ANARCHIST ARGENTINIAN ROWS. THE TRACKING OF MEXICAN INFORMATION PUBLISHED IN LA PROTESTA FOR THREE DECADES, ALLOWED PERIODIZING IN THREE STAGES THE LOOKS THAT THE 'LIBERTARIOS RIOPLATENSE'S DIRECTED TO THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION. WE HAVE A FIRST MOMENT OF CLOSENESS TO MEXICAN REALITY UPON THE BASIS OF 'REGENERACION' LECTURS, AND REPORTS WRITTEN BY ANARCHIST ARGENTINES THAT TRAVELLED TO MEXICO AND LOS ANGELES; A SECOND STAGE, WHERE THE REVOLUTION WAS THE REASON FOR A LARGE POLEMIC PUBLISHED ON THE PAGES OF THE ARGENTINIAN NEWSPAPER; AND FINALLY A THIRD MOMENT, WHERE THE DEFICIENCIES IN THINKING AND ANARCHIST ACTION ARE MANIFEST THROUGH ALL THE 20'S.

IRISH POPULAR POLITICS AND THE MAKING OF THE WYNDHAM LAND ACT, 1901–1903

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
FERGUS CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Land Reform ◽  
The State ◽  
Fin De Siecle ◽  
Popular Politics ◽  
British Government ◽  
Fin De Siècle ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Land Question ◽  
The Impact ◽  
High Politics

The Wyndham Land Act was the most important land reform introduced by any British government during the period of the Act of Union (1801–1922); and this article provides a new interpretation of the origins of this revolutionary legislation. Whereas previous accounts attribute the Act to the initiative of the Irish chief secretary, George Wyndham, this article locates the legislation in the wider context of both popular and ‘high’ politics. The state of the land question in fin de siècle Ireland is examined, as is the United Irish League's extensive agitation for compulsory land purchase between 1901 and 1903. Finally, the impact of the agitation on the British government is considered, and the article demonstrates that the Wyndham Land Act was introduced as a result of the United Irish League's campaign for land reform.

Emiliano Zapata and Revolutionary Mexico, 1910–1919

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Hart
Keyword(s):  
Land Reform ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
State Legitimacy ◽  
Land Redistribution ◽  
Mexican Government ◽  
Lazaro Cardenas ◽  
The Revolution

Emiliano Zapata led the Liberating Army of the South during the Mexican Revolution. Zapata’s movement began with a demand for land reform, and his beliefs are most often captured by reference to the Plan de Ayala, which he promulgated in 1911. It was largely because of the Zapatistas (Zapata and his adherents) that land reform was written into the Mexican Constitution of 1917. Later, especially under President Lázaro Cárdenas, (1934–1940), the Mexican government carried out major land redistribution, which helped earn the post-revolutionary state legitimacy in the countryside. Over the course of nearly a decade fighting in the revolution, Zapata’s vision for remaking Mexico extended far beyond the Plan de Ayala and land reform to include judicial reform, decentralization of power, political democracy, the redistribution of wealth, and the promotion of the interests of rural workers and small agricultural producers while protecting Mexican sovereignty against powerful foreign interests. Zapata, however, led the most poorly armed of the main factions in the revolution and was unable to realize his goals. His enemies received large amounts of foreign military supplies, while he received no assistance from abroad. The inability of his poorly equipped volunteer army, mostly peasants and hacienda workers, to carry out large pitched battles dictated that they had to fight a grueling guerilla war. Zapata was unable to win on the battlefield, but was never totally defeated. He was assassinated in 1919. Although his larger vision for the future of Mexico did not prevail, his fight for land reform helped shape modern Mexico.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document