The Harding Administration and Mexico: Diplomacy by Economic Persuasion

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
George D. Beelen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Latin Americans ◽  
New Mexican ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
World Demand ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Right

During the decade beginning in 1910 the economic involvement of the United States in Mexico increased while diplomatic relations deteriorated. Between 1911 and 1920 United States' imports from Mexico increased from $57,000,000 to $179,000,000 and exports from $61,000,000 to $208,000,000. Much of this economic growth related to petroleum and to land where investments in each of these areas increased phenomenally. The new Mexican Constitution of 1917, however, forecast trouble for foreign investors, especially those who depended upon Mexico's unreplenishable subsoil resources. Concessionaires who mined the subsoil appeared to hold their title only at the will of the state. Additionally, the right of foreigners to hold property in Mexico was often restricted. Land on the shores or borders of Mexico, for example, could not be owned by foreigners. Such provisions were designed to limit the economic subservience of Mexico to the United States. Like other Latin Americans, the Mexicans wanted economic self-sufficiency. They resented the fact that their economy was tied to the fluctuating world demand for staple raw materials and that they were caught in an American vise which squeezed both their imports and their exports.

Mexico, Gilberto Bosques and the Refugees

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Katz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Military ◽  
Latin Americans ◽  
North Americans ◽  
Promised Land ◽  
Mexican Government ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right

In the eyes of many North Americans, Mexico is above all a country of immigration from which hundreds of thousands hope to pass across the border to find the promised land in the United States. What these North Americans do not realize is that for thousands of Latin Americans and for many U.S. intellectuals, Mexico after the revolution of 1910-1920 constituted the promised land. People persecuted for their political or religious beliefs—radicals, revolutionaries but liberals as well—could find refuge in Mexico when repressive regimes took over their country.In the 1920s such radical leaders as Víctor Raúl Haya De La Torre, César Augusto Sandino and Julio Antonio Mella found refuge in Mexico. This policy continued for many years even after the Mexican government turned to the right. Thousands of refugees from Latin American military dictatorships in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay fled to Mexico. The history of that policy of the Mexican government has not yet been written.

The Supreme Court and Its Critics: Is the Court Moving Left?

1959 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph O. Losos
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
United States Supreme Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
American People ◽  
United States Supreme ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Right

InTheLight of recent decisions of the United States Supreme Court, it might appear that the judiciary is currently the most radical branch of the Federal Government. In certain respects circumstances today, present a scene similar to that of 1937. The Court, now as then, is denounced as an unelected, undemocratic group which, under the pretense of interpreting the laws and Constitution, makes a law contrary to the will of the majority of the American people. Only today it is the right that denounces the Court and the left that comes to its defense.

scholarly journals THE FUTURE OF TRADE AND INVESTMENT IN FOREST PRODUCTS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA

1962 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
D. V. Love
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Future

The future of trade in forest products between the United States and Canada will be measured in terms of Canadian exports to the United States.From the statistics of world production and utilization a trend to self-sufficiency in forest products is evident. This trend is further borne out by the statements of forest policy of many countries which favour the development of local forest industries.Changes in manufacturing technology and in the methods of utilization of forest products have caused a considerable relaxation in the traditional specifications of quality in the raw material. This relaxation of specifications has placed in use raw materials which were formerly waste and has placed certain fast growing species in the class of commercial wood.The tremendous forest growth potential which exists in almost every country is made more evident by the modified specifications of the raw material. The desire for self-sufficiency in many countries, including the United States, is moving to fulfillment.The benefits of possession of a particular species or size of timber are rapidly fading. With the improved opportunities for growth because of changes in raw material specification, the ownership of extensive land area and large timber inventory is an advantage which is diminishing in importance.To the extent that certain regions of Canada are advantageously located relative to the U.S. market compared to competing regions, these will occupy a place in future U.S. markets if steps are taken now to provide a source of cheap raw material for the future. There is certainly no guarantee that future trade in forest products between Canada and the United States will be at a high level; it will depend on the extent to which Canadians recognize and take advantage of the opportunities provided by their accessible productive forest land.

Japanese Attitudes and Policies towards China in 1973

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 700-707
Author(s):  
G. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
Liberal Democratic Party ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Military Alliance ◽  
The Government ◽  
Political Spectrum ◽  
The Right

The Tanaka visit to Peking in September 1972 and the subsequent opening of regular diplomatic relations between Japan and the Chinese People's Republic represented a turn of foreign policy which was strongly supported by most sections of Japanese public opinion. The policy of following the American lead in refusing de jure recogmtion to the government in Peking and confining diplomatic relations to the Chinese Nationalist regime in Taiwan had always been unpopular in Japan, on the Right as well as on the Left of the political spectrum, for, while the Left was influenced by sympathies for the social aims of Communist China and resentful at what was seen as the subservience of Japan to American imperialism, the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) was affected by the view prevailing in Japanese business circles that Japan was being kept out of a large and lucrative trade by conformity with a policy made in Washington, After the President of the United States had himself made the journey to Peking, there was no longer sufficient ground for the Japanese government to pursue a policy which the Americans themselves had repudiated, and there was even an opportunity for Japan to move ahead of the United States in conciliation with Peking, since the United States was still encumbered by a military alliance with Taiwan, as Japan was not. Thus Japan was able to open full diplomatic relations with Peking while the United States had to be content with a “liaison mission.” It remained to be seen, however, how the new Sino-Japanese relations would develop in terms of concrete agreements between the two countries and, on surveying the progress made over the year that has passed since Tanaka went to Peking, the actual results of the new policy must be reckoned some-what disappointing. There are, in fact, two considerable obstacles to the attainment of genuinely intimate and harmonious relations between Tokyo and Peking: one is the continuation of certain Japanese ties with Taiwan and the other is the Japanese effort, as part of the new so-called “balanced diplomacy,” to develop relations with the Soviet Union simultaneously with the approach to Peking.

Lending to the Borrower from Hell

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Drelichman ◽  
Hans-Joachim Voth
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Risk Sharing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
Loan Contracts ◽  
The Right ◽  
Intelligent Model ◽  
New Evidence

Why do lenders time and again loan money to sovereign borrowers who promptly go bankrupt? When can this type of lending work? As the United States and many European nations struggle with mountains of debt, historical precedents can offer valuable insights. This book looks at one famous case—the debts and defaults of Philip II of Spain. Ruling over one of the largest and most powerful empires in history, King Philip defaulted four times. Yet he never lost access to capital markets and could borrow again within a year or two of each default. Exploring the shrewd reasoning of the lenders who continued to offer money, the book analyzes the lessons from this historical example. Using detailed new evidence collected from sixteenth-century archives, the book examines the incentives and returns of lenders. It provides powerful evidence that in the right situations, lenders not only survive despite defaults—they thrive. It also demonstrates that debt markets cope well, despite massive fluctuations in expenditure and revenue, when lending functions like insurance. The book unearths unique sixteenth-century loan contracts that offered highly effective risk sharing between the king and his lenders, with payment obligations reduced in bad times. A fascinating story of finance and empire, this book offers an intelligent model for keeping economies safe in times of sovereign debt crises and defaults.

“Floating Melodies and Memories” of the Terezín Memorial

Transfers ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-141
Author(s):  
Chia-ling Lai
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Concentration Camp ◽  
Dark Tourism ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Will To Live ◽  
Worldwide Phenomenon ◽  
The Will ◽  
Musical Heritage

As Andrea Huyssen observes, since the 1990s the preservation of Holocaust heritage has become a worldwide phenomenon, and this “difficult heritage” has also led to the rise of “dark tourism.” Neither as sensationally traumatic as Auschwitz’s termination concentration camp in Poland nor as aesthetic as the forms of many modern Jewish museums in Germany and the United States, the Terezín Memorial in the Czech Republic provides a different way to present memorials of atrocity: it juxtaposes the original deadly site with the musical heritage that shows the will to live.

Law Struggles, Lawmaking, and the Politics of Hegemony in Neoliberal India

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Bo Nielsen ◽  
Alf Gunvald Nilsen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Land Acquisition ◽  
Ethical Perspective ◽  
Judicial Decisions ◽  
Fair Compensation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Neoliberal India ◽  
Land Question

The chapter examines the fairness claim of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act (LARR), 2013. The author uses the utilitarian fairness standard proposed by one of the most influential American constitutional scholars of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, Frank Michelman, whose study of judicial decisions from an ethical perspective by introducing the concept of “demoralization costs” has shaped the interpretational debate on takings law in the United States. Michelman’s analysis is particularly relevant for the land question in India today since there is a widespread feeling that millions of people have been unfairly deprived of their land and livelihoods. The chapter looks at the role of the Indian judiciary in interpreting the land acquisition legislation since landmark judgments affect the morale of society. It concludes that using Michelman’s standard would help in bringing about greater “fairness” than what the new legislation has achieved.

The Power to be Ethical: Controlling Moral Assemblages in Border Militias

2021 ◽  
pp. 089124162110218
Author(s):  
John R. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Recent Interest ◽  
Ethical Conflicts ◽  
Moral Landscape ◽  
The Government ◽  
Moral Certainty ◽  
The Right ◽  
Ethical Response

Every year, hundreds of U.S. citizens patrol the Mexican border dressed in camouflage and armed with pistols and assault rifles. Unsanctioned by the government, these militias aim to stop the movement of narcotics into the United States. Recent interest in the anthropology of ethics has focused on how individuals cultivate themselves toward a notion of the ethical. In contrast, within the militias, ethical self-cultivation was absent. I argue the volunteers derived the power to be ethical from the control of the dominant moral assemblage and the construction of an immoral “Other” which provided them the power to define a moral landscape that limited the potential for ethical conflicts. In the article, I discuss two instances Border Watch and its volunteers dismissed disruptions to their moral certainty and confirmed to themselves that their actions were not only the “right” thing to do, but the only ethical response available.

France and the United States: Their Diplomatic Relations, 1789-1914

1970 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 697
Author(s):  
Lawrence S. Kaplan ◽  
Henry Blumenthal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diplomatic Relations

The Three Rs in Research and Education: A Long Road Ahead in the United States

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Barbara Orlans
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Education Student ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
The Right ◽  
Student Projects ◽  
Institutional Oversight ◽  
The Three Rs

Attitudes toward the Three Rs concept of refinement, reduction and replacement in the United States in research and education are widely divergent. Positive responses have come from several sources, notably from four centres established to disseminate information about alternatives. Funding sources to support work in the Three Rs have proliferated. The activities of institutional oversight committees have resulted in the nationwide implementation of important refinements. In the field of education, student projects involving pain or death for sentient animals have declined, and the right of students to object to participation in animal experiments on ethical grounds has been widely established. However, there is still a long way to go. Resistance to alternatives is deep-seated within several of the scientific disciplines most closely associated with animal research. The response of the National Institutes of Health to potentially important Congressional directives on the Three Rs has been unsatisfactory. The prestigious National Association of Biology Teachers, which at first endorsed the use of alternatives in education, later rescinded this policy, because of opposition to it. An impediment to progress is the extreme polarisation of viewpoints between the biomedical community and the animal protectionists.

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