TWO TYPES OF IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL TYPHOID; “CELLULAR IMMUNITY” AND “HUMORAL IMMUNITY”

1965 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAIZO USHIBA
Keyword(s):  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immunity

Assessment of cellular immunity in oil production operators with an imbalance of lipid metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 717-719
Author(s):  
Inga N. Alikina ◽  
Olga A. Kazakova
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Observation Group ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Cellular And Humoral Immunity ◽  
Atherosclerotic Process

Introduction. Studies indicate the high pathogenetic significance of the immune component in the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of the study is a comparative assessment of immunological parameters in workers of petrochemical production with varying degrees of imbalance in lipid metabolism and the development of the atherosclerotic process. Materials and methods. Men working at an oil production enterprise in the Perm Region were examined. The observation group consisted of oil production operators with a diagnosis of atherosclerosis, the comparison group - with dyslipidemia syndrome. To determine the parameters of lipid metabolism, the results of a biochemical blood test were used. CD-immunogram parameters were identified by flow cytometry. Specific antibodies to benzene were determined by the allergosorbent method. Results. The results of a comparative study of fat metabolism confirmed violations of the physiological ratio of lipids in the blood of oil production workers, which were expressed in a significant imbalance in the levels of lipidogram. There was an increased level of specific IgG antibodies to benzene in the observation group in relation to the comparison group. An imbalance of cellular immunity was found, which was characterized by signs of indicators activation of cellular differentiation clusters. Conclusions. Studies of immune system compartments demonstrate excessive activation of cellular and humoral immunity in oil production workers under the influence of a combination of harmful production factors. The simultaneously formed imbalance of lipid metabolism is associated with various degrees of clinical manifestation of atherosclerotic disorders, with the influence of harmful production factors, aggressiveness of cellular and humoral immunity, and smoking.

scholarly journals ANTIGEN RECOGNITION AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

1972 ◽  
Vol 135 (6) ◽  
pp. 1228-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sefik S. Alkan ◽  
E. Brady Williams ◽  
Danute E. Nitecki ◽  
Joel W. Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Antibody Production ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Antigen Recognition ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Carboxyl Group ◽  
Self Help

L-Tyrosine azobenzene-p-arsonate (RAT) induced cellular immunity without antibody production in guinea pigs. Bifunctional antigens were prepared consisting of one RAT carrier moiety linked either directly to a dinitrophenyl (DNP) haptenic determinant or through one or more 6-amino-caproyl (SAC) spacers. Each SAC unit has an extended span of 8 A. Guinea pigs immunized with these conjugates developed cellular immunity directed against the RAT determinant and antibody specific for the DNP determinant. The anti-DNP response was the same with one or three SAC spacers, but was significantly weaker when the two determinants were joined without a spacer. Animals immunized with either DNP-SAC-TYR or DNP-TYR developed neither cellular nor humoral immunity. Prior immunization with RAT potentiated the secondary anti-hapten response to DNP-SAC-RAT. Modification of RAT at either the arsonate or tyrosine positions showed that other charged groups (sulfonate and trimethylammonium) could substitute for arsonate without loss of immunogenicity. Removal of either the amino or carboxyl group from the side chain of tyrosine did not abolish immunogenicity, but immunogenicity was lost upon removal of both. Immunization with symmetrical bifunctional RAT-(SAC)n-RAT and cyclo-(L-RAT-D-RAT) antigens led to cellular immunity but no anti-arsonate antibody, suggesting a barrier to "self-help." These compounds were also ineffective in inducing a secondary anti-arsonate response in animals primed with arsonate-BSA conjugates and RAT.

scholarly journals Replicating Rather than Nonreplicating Adenovirus-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Recombinant Vaccines Are Better at Eliciting Potent Cellular Immunity and Priming High-Titer Antibodies

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (16) ◽  
pp. 10200-10209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Peng ◽  
Liqun Rejean Wang ◽  
Victor Raúl Gómez-Román ◽  
Alberta Davis-Warren ◽  
David C. Montefiori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Preclinical Trial ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Envelope ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT A major challenge in combating the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic is the development of vaccines capable of inducing potent, persistent cellular immunity and broadly reactive neutralizing antibody responses to HIV type 1 (HIV-1). We report here the results of a preclinical trial using the chimpanzee model to investigate a combination vaccine strategy involving sequential priming immunizations with different serotypes of adenovirus (Ad)/HIV-1MN env/rev recombinants and boosting with an HIV envelope subunit protein, oligomeric HIVSF162 gp140ΔV2. The immunogenicities of replicating and nonreplicating Ad/HIV-1MN env/rev recombinants were compared. Replicating Ad/HIV recombinants were better at eliciting HIV-specific cellular immune responses and better at priming humoral immunity against HIV than nonreplicating Ad-HIV recombinants carrying the same gene insert. Enhanced cellular immunity was manifested by a greater frequency of HIV envelope-specific gamma interferon-secreting peripheral blood lymphocytes and better priming of T-cell proliferative responses. Enhanced humoral immunity was seen in higher anti-envelope binding and neutralizing antibody titers and better induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. More animals primed with replicating Ad recombinants mounted neutralizing antibodies against heterologous R5 viruses after one or two booster immunizations with the mismatched oligomeric HIV-1SF162 gp140ΔV2 protein. These results support continued development of the replicating Ad-HIV recombinant vaccine approach and suggest that the use of replicating vectors for other vaccines may prove fruitful.

scholarly journals ANTIGEN RECOGNITION AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

1972 ◽  
Vol 136 (6) ◽  
pp. 1478-1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice E. Bush ◽  
Sefik S. Alkan ◽  
Danute E. Nitecki ◽  
Joel W. Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Antigen Recognition ◽  
Bifunctional Molecules ◽  
Flexible Spacer ◽  
Self Help

L-Tyrosine-p-azobenzenearsonate (RAT) induces cellular immunity without humoral antibody in guinea pigs. Asymmetric bifunctional antigens composed of one RAT moiety and one dinitrophenyl (DNP) group separated by flexible spacers induce anti-RAT cellular immunity and an anti-DNP humoral response. Symmetrical bifunctional antigens of similar design but comprised of two RAT determinants induce cellular immunity without demonstrable anti-RAT antibody. However, when the flexible spacer is replaced by a rigid decaproline chain, humoral anti-RAT responses are provoked. Since RAT contains both electropositive (azo) and electronegative (arsonate) centers, the failure of bifunctional RAT compounds with flexible spacers to induce humoral immunity might be ascribed either to intramolecular stacking, which compromises their bifunctional character, or to interaction of both determinants with receptors on the same cell surface, which would fail to satisfy the requirement for cooperation. In order to distinguish between these alternatives, symmetrical bifunctional antigens composed of two L-tyrosine-p-azophenyltrimethylammonium (TAT) determinants separated by flexible or rigid spacers were synthesized. TAT is immunogenic and does not cross-react with RAT. Furthermore, it contains only electropositive centers and consequently bifunctional molecules do not undergo intramolecular stacking. Immunization with either flexibly or rigidly spaced bifunctional TAT antigens raised anti-TAT antibody. These results conclusively demonstrate that "self-help," cooperation between bone marrow-derived and thymus-derived lymphocytes of identical or similar specificity, can occur, provided the determinants on the antigen are prevented from associating with each other.

Host Immune Responses Against CT Antigens in Multiple Myeloma Patients.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 3492-3492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikoletta Lendvai ◽  
Sacha Gnjatic ◽  
Erika Ritter ◽  
Yao-Tseng Chen ◽  
Christina Coughlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccine ◽  
Type I ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Ct Antigen ◽  
Ct Antigens

Abstract The type I Melanoma Antigen GEne (MAGE) proteins belong to the Cancer-Testis (CT) family of tumor-associated antigens and are widely expressed in solid and hematologic malignancies. They are immunogenic and frequently elicit spontaneous immune responses in patients with CT antigen-expressing tumors, particularly in malignant melanoma. In melanoma patients, there is high concordance between humoral and cellular immunity. Based on these findings, CT antigens are widely investigated as potential antigenic targets for tumor-specific therapeutic vaccines. We previously showed that the type I MAGE proteins CT7 (MAGE-C1), CT10 (MAGE-C2) and MAGE-A3 were commonly detected in primary myeloma specimens, and expression of CT7 and MAGE-A3 was correlated with abnormally elevated plasma cell proliferation. These findings suggest that type I MAGE may be rational targets for vaccine therapy in multiple myeloma. Therefore, it is important to determine if type I MAGE elicit cellular or humoral immune responses in myeloma patients. To investigate this hypothesis, we assessed cellular immunity against CT7 and humoral immunity against a broad panel of CT antigens. To quantify CT7-specific cellular immunity, expanded, polyclonal pools of T cells from the bone marrow, the tumor microenvironment, were co-cultured in interferon gamma (IFNγ) ELISpot assays with autologous antigen-presenting cells (APC) transduced with in vitro transcribed mRNA coding for CT7 or control antigens. CT antigen-specific humoral immunity was examined by ELISA assay using patient serum or plasma and recombinant CT antigens. This analysis demonstrated that 2/9 patients exhibited specific T cell immunity against CT7 in their bone marrow lymphocytes as measured by IFNγ secretion. These same two patients had positive titers for other CT antigens; one for MAGE-A1 (another type I MAGE), the other for SSX-1 (a structurally distinct CT antigen). Interestingly, neither patient had positive serology for CT7. Serum from 16 other myeloma patients did not have detectible antibody titers for a broad panel of CT antigens. These results show that CT antigens are immunogenic in myeloma patients, with cellular responses against CT7 and humoral responses against MAGE-A1 and SSX-1. However, unlike other types of cancer, there appears to be discordance between humoral and cellular immunity against CT7 in multiple myeloma. This may be due in part to the significant derangements of humoral immunity in this disease. These results support further investigation of immunologic therapies targeting type I MAGE in myeloma, especially therapeutic vaccine strategies.

scholarly journals Better Adjuvants for Better Vaccines: Progress in Adjuvant Delivery Systems, Modifications, and Adjuvant–Antigen Codelivery

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Biao Wang ◽  
Jing Xu
Keyword(s):  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Intensity Enhancement ◽  
Immune Stimulants ◽  
Safety Effectiveness ◽  
Adjuvant Effects

Traditional aluminum adjuvants can trigger strong humoral immunity but weak cellular immunity, limiting their application in some vaccines. Currently, various immunomodulators and delivery carriers are used as adjuvants, and the mechanisms of action of some of these adjuvants are clear. However, customizing targets of adjuvant action (cellular or humoral immunity) and action intensity (enhancement or inhibition) according to different antigens selected is time-consuming. Here, we review the adjuvant effects of some delivery systems and immune stimulants. In addition, to improve the safety, effectiveness, and accessibility of adjuvants, new trends in adjuvant development and their modification strategies are discussed.

scholarly journals Preexisting Vaccinia Virus Immunity Decreases SIV-Specific Cellular Immunity but Does Not Diminish Humoral Immunity and Efficacy of a DNA/MVA Vaccine

2010 ◽  
Vol 185 (12) ◽  
pp. 7262-7273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Kannanganat ◽  
Pragati Nigam ◽  
Vijayakumar Velu ◽  
Patricia L. Earl ◽  
Lilin Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Virus Immunity

scholarly journals Impact of Preexisting Vector-Specific Immunity on Vaccine Potency: Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immunity in Humans and Modeling Studies Using Recombinant Vaccines in Mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 3958-3968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith L. Leong ◽  
Johannes Hampl ◽  
Weiqun Liu ◽  
Shruti Mathur ◽  
Keith S. Bahjat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Listeriolysin O ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Specific Immunity ◽  
Modeling Studies

ABSTRACT Recombinant live-attenuated Listeria monocytogenes is currently being developed as a vaccine platform for treatment or prevention of malignant and infectious diseases. The effectiveness of complex biologic vaccines, such as recombinant viral and bacterial vectors, can be limited by either preexisting or vaccine-induced vector-specific immunity. We characterized the level of L. monocytogenes-specific cellular and humoral immunity present in more than 70 healthy adult subjects as a first step to understanding its possible impact on the efficacy of L. monocytogenes-based vaccines being evaluated in early-phase clinical trials. Significant L. monocytogenes-specific humoral immunity was not measured in humans, consistent with a lack of antibodies in mice immunized with wild-type L. monocytogenes. Cellular immune responses specific for listeriolysin O, a secreted bacterial protein required for potency of L. monocytogenes-derived vaccines, were detected in approximately 60% of human donors tested. In mice, while wild-type L. monocytogenes did not induce significant humoral immunity, attenuated L. monocytogenes vaccine strains induced high-titer L. monocytogenes-specific antibodies when given at high doses used for immunization. Passive transfer of L. monocytogenes-specific antiserum to naïve mice had no impact on priming antigen-specific immunity in mice immunized with a recombinant L. monocytogenes vaccine. In mice with preexisting L. monocytogenes-specific immunity, priming of naïve T cells was not prevented, and antigen-specific responses could be boosted by additional vaccinations. For the first time, our findings establish the level of L. monocytogenes-specific cellular immunity in healthy adults, and, together with modeling studies performed with mice, they support the scientific rationale for repeated L. monocytogenes vaccine immunization regimens to elicit a desired therapeutic effect.

scholarly journals Cellular immunity predominates over humoral immunity after the first dose of COVID-19 vaccines in solid organ transplant recipients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Schmidt ◽  
Verena Klemis ◽  
David Schub ◽  
Sophie Schneitler ◽  
Matthias Christian Reichert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Solid Organ Transplant ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Knowledge on the vaccine-induced cellular and humoral immunity and on immunogenicity of vector-based and mRNA vaccines in solid organ transplant recipients is limited. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells and antibodies were analyzed in 40 transplant recipients and 70 age-matched controls after the first dose of vector-based or mRNA vaccines. Plasmablasts and SARS-CoV-2 specific CD4 and CD8 T-cells were quantified using flow-cytometry. Specific antibodies were analyzed by ELISA and neutralization assay. SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies and T-cells were induced in both groups with significantly lower levels in patients. While antibodies were detected in 80% of controls and 5.3% of patients, specific CD4 and/or CD8 T-cells were more frequently found in both controls (84.3%) and patients (23.7%). The two vaccine types showed notable differences, as IgG and neutralizing activity were more pronounced after mRNA vaccination (p<0.0001 each), whereas CD4 and CD8 T-cell levels were higher after vector vaccination (p=0.009; p<0.0001). Plasmablast numbers were significantly higher in controls and correlated with SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG- and CD4 T-cell levels. In conclusion, assessment of antibodies is not sufficient to identify COVID-19-vaccine responders. Together with differences in immunogenicity among vaccines, this necessitates combined analysis of humoral and cellular immunity to reliably assess responders among immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals.

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