scholarly journals Normalization and education: Repression of natural harmony or emancipation of perspectives disharmony?

2002 ◽  
pp. 30-48
Author(s):  
Dusan Stojnov
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Natural Behavior ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Education Process

The issues of normality of people, generally dealt with in the context of 'P' sciences (psychology, psychiatry and psychotherapy), have been coupled with the issue of implementing social norms in education process dealt with in the context of pedagogy. A well-established view that the issue of normality is 'ontologically evident' and rests upon natural behavior is opposed to views of the culturally situated normal-abnormal dimension and those of abnormality as a social structure. It has been shown that the border between the domains of normal and abnormal is vague, that it rests upon the absence of criteria giving privilege to invisible social groups and that those criteria change in time and differ in different cultures. Education that is tending to the harmonization of normality founded on what is natural and common to most humans is opposed to the view of education that is nurturing multiperspectivism - emancipation of as much diversity of perspectives as possible, being frequently disharmonious, and whose harmonization can be achieved only in a long-lasting, enduring and demanding process of tolerating differences.

scholarly journals Personal Life, Pragmatism and Bricolage

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social World ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Personal Lives ◽  
Link Structure ◽  
Structure And Agency ◽  
Social Legitimation

Individualisation theory misrepresents and romanticises the nature of agency as a primarily discursive and reflexive process where people freely create their personal lives in an open social world divorced from tradition. But empirically we find that people usually make decisions about their personal lives pragmatically, bounded by circumstances and in connection with other people, not only relationally but also institutionally. This pragmatism is often non-reflexive, habitual and routinised, even unconscious. Agents draw on existing traditions - styles of thinking, sanctioned social relationships, institutions, the presumptions of particular social groups and places, lived law and social norms - to ‘patch’ or ‘piece together' responses to changing situations. Often it is institutions that ‘do the thinking’. People try to both conserve social energy and seek social legitimation in this adaption process, a process which can lead to a ‘re-serving' of tradition even as institutional leakage transfers meanings from past to present, and vice versa. But this process of bricolage will always be socially contested and socially uneven. In this way bricolage describes how people actually link structure and agency through their actions, and can provide a framework for empirical research on doing family.

scholarly journals Quantitative Vulnerability Assessment: An Approach to Reduce Biases in Disaster Vulnerability Assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-399
Author(s):  
Shikha Karmokar ◽  
Md. Mintu Mohin ◽  
Molla Karimul Islam ◽  
Md. Rezaul Alam ◽  
Mohammad Mahfuzur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Vulnerability Assessment ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Disaster Vulnerability ◽  
Quantitative Form ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Agreed Framework ◽  
Vulnerability Score

The cyclone vulnerability of women is much higher than men due to their poverty, social norms and marginal position in the social structure. Reducing women’s vulnerability is, therefore, imperative to improve the situation. However, the present practices of vulnerability assessment have several limitations. As an alternative, this study proposed and tested a weighted framework to assess the vulnerability in a quantitative form. The proposed framework considers 18 indicators carefully adapted from vulnerability literature. The indicator statuses were defined based on their vulnerability potentials and assigned an integer value. The higher the status value the greater the vulnerability potentials. The indicator’s status values were standardized, and their weights were estimated. The vulnerability scores for every indicator thereafter estimated by multiplying its status value by its weight. Finally, an individual’s vulnerability score was calculated by taking the average vulnerability scores of all the indicators. The framework was tested on 140 randomly selected cyclone-affected women from ten coastal villages of Bangladesh. The proposed scores-based vulnerability expresses the vulnerability status with an integer value easier to understand and allows spatial comparability. This framework could be improved further preferably through stakeholder consultations about the appropriateness of the indicators, indicator statuses, and their weights. An improved and well-agreed framework would assist in integrative policy formulation to reduce women’s vulnerability to cyclone disaster. Moreover, this approach could be adopted in vulnerability ranking/mapping for other disasters.

Dynamics of the social structure of the Russian middle class

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
Алексеенок ◽  
Anna Alekseenok ◽  
Гальцова ◽  
Anna Galtsova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Social Self ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Financial Position ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Analysis Of Dynamics

The article presents a study of the dynamics of the social structure of the Russian middle class. It examines the dynamics of a number of different social groups in Russia in 2003-2014, «blocking» signs for the population which is not a member of the middle class, 2003-2014, self-assessment of the dynamics of 2014 and the possible dynamics for the next year of the financial position in the last year prior the survey in the different groups of the population. Also the analysis of dynamics of value orientations of different population groups, social identity, of the ways and the main types of leisure in the middle class is held. The article compares the model of Russian social structure, built on the basis of social self-assessment of the status of the Russian people in 2014 and 2000.

scholarly journals Razvijanje interkulturalne kompetencije u ranom i predškolskom odgoju i obrazovanju

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Vesna Bedeković ◽  
Marija Šimić
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Intercultural Competence ◽  
World View ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Multicultural Society ◽  
Mutual Correlation ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Education Process

Meetings of different cultures in today's global multicultural society are occurring almost every moment in the most diverse forms of communication. Intercultural communication due to an increased interdependence between people of different cultures, religions, languages and world view becomes a reality of everyday life, where encounters culture imply the necessity of quality mutual correlation based on the idea of interculturalism. Given that childhood is considered an extremely important period of human life, 18 institutions of early and preschool upbringing and education are the places of the first formal outbound socialization and the earliest institutional transfer of socially accepted norms and values, as well as the places where the forms of intercultural relations are applied in society. This paper gives an overview of the results of empirical research aimed at determining the level of basic knowledge in the field of interculturalism and examining the desirable intercultural competence of the educators, and the effectiveness of intercultural action in the early and preschool upbringing and education process.

scholarly journals Unreciprocated allogrooming hierarchies in a population of wild group-living mammals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E Nadin ◽  
David W. Macdonald ◽  
Sandra Baker ◽  
Christina D. Buesching ◽  
Stephen Ellwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Meles Meles ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
European Badgers ◽  
Wild Group

Allogrooming can relate to social status in mammalian societies, and thus, be used to infer social structure. This relationship has previously been investigated by examining an individual’s dominance rank and their total amount of allogrooming. This, however, does not account for the identity of allogrooming partners. We applied a novel approach, calculating the linearity and steepness of unreciprocated allogrooming hierarchies using actor–receiver matrices in European badgers (Meles meles) groups. Badgers have relatively unstructured social groups compared to most group-living carnivores and allogrooming in badgers is currently hypothesized to have a hygiene function. We examine whether allogrooming is linked to social status by investigating: 1) the presence, linearity, and steepness of unreciprocated allogrooming hierarchies; 2) the trading of unreciprocated allogrooming for the potential benefit of receiving reduced aggression from dominant individuals; and, 3) whether unreciprocated allogrooming is associated with relatedness. We found weak unreciprocated allogrooming hierarchies, with marginal linearity, steepness overall, and variation between social-group-years. Unreciprocated allogrooming was positively correlated with directed aggression, potentially providing evidence for the trading of allogrooming for reduced aggression. Allogrooming was not correlated with relatedness, possibly due to high relatedness within social groups. Our findings reaffirm that European badgers have a relatively unstructured social system; likely reflecting a relatively simple state of sociality in Carnivores, with little need for hierarchical order. Using actor–receiver unreciprocated allogrooming matrices to test for linearity and steepness of unreciprocated allogrooming hierarchies in other social species will improve knowledge of group social structure.

Globalization, Cleavages, and the Radical Right

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Bornschier
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Party System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
System Change ◽  
Party Competition ◽  
Radical Right ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Scale Transformations ◽  
Relative Salience

This chapter underscores the merit of studying the emergence and growth of the radical right from a cleavage perspective, which sees party system change as rooted in large-scale transformations of social structure. The chapter begins by discussing explanations for the rise of the radical right in terms of the educational revolution, the processes of economic and cultural modernization, and globalization, showing where these perspectives converge and where they differ. It then goes on to show how the structuralist perspective has been combined with a focus on agency. Under conditions of multidimensional party competition, the behavior of mainstream parties is crucial, because it determines the relative salience of competitive dimensions and whether they offer space for radical right-wing challengers. Some of the most exciting recent research studies how the processes of dealignment and realignment structure the propensity of specific social groups such as the manual working class to support the radical right.

Open-Minded Cognition and Political Thought

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Ottati ◽  
Chase Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Political Knowledge ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Process Information ◽  
Prior Opinion ◽  
Partisan Identification ◽  
Political Opinions

Dogmatic or closed-minded cognition is directionally biased; a tendency to select, interpret, and elaborate upon information in a manner that reinforces the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. Open-minded cognition is directionally unbiased; a tendency to process information in a manner that is not biased in the direction of the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. It is marked by a tendency to consider a variety of intellectual perspectives, values, attitudes, opinions, or beliefs—even those that contradict the individual’s prior opinion. Open-Minded Cognition is assessed using measures that specifically focus on the degree to which individuals process information in a directionally biased manner. Open-Minded Cognition can function as an individual difference characteristic that predicts a variety of social attitudes and political opinions. These include attitudes toward marginalized social groups (e.g., racial and ethnic minorities), support for democratic values, political ideology, and partisan identification. Open-Minded Cognition also possesses a malleable component that varies across domains and specific situations. For example, Open-Minded Cognition is higher in the political domain than religious domain. In addition, Open-Minded Cognition is prevalent in situations where individuals encounter plausible arguments that are compatible with conventional values, but is less evident when individuals encounter arguments that are extremely implausible or that contradict conventional values. Within a situation, Open-Minded Cognition also varies across social roles involving expertise. Because political novices possess limited political knowledge, social norms dictate that they should listen and learn in an open-minded fashion. In contrast, because political experts possess extensive knowledge, social norms dictate that they are entitled to adopt a more dogmatic cognitive orientation when listening to a political communication.

scholarly journals Role of sociality in the response of killer whales to an additive mortality event

2019 ◽  
pp. 201817174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Busson ◽  
Matthieu Authier ◽  
Christophe Barbraud ◽  
Paul Tixier ◽  
Ryan R. Reisinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Foraging Success ◽  
Killer Whales ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Mortality Event ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Fishing Vessels ◽  
Additive Mortality

In highly social top predators, group living is an ecological strategy that enhances individual fitness, primarily through increased foraging success. Additive mortality events across multiple social groups in populations may affect the social structure, and therefore the fitness, of surviving individuals. This hypothesis was examined in a killer whale (Orcinus orca) population that experienced a 7-y period of severe additive mortality due to lethal interactions with illegal fishing vessels. Using both social and demographic analyses conducted on a unique long-term dataset encompassing periods before, during, and after this event, results indicated a decrease in both the number and the mean strength of associations of surviving individuals during the additive mortality period. A positive significant correlation between association strength and apparent survival suggested that the fitness of surviving individuals was impacted by the additive mortality event. After this event, individuals responded to the loss of relatives in their social groups by associating with a greater number of other social groups, likely to maintain a functional group size that maximized their foraging success. However, these associations were loose; individuals did not reassociate in highly stable social groups, and their survival remained low years after the mortality event. These findings demonstrate how the disruption of social structure in killer whales may lead to prolonged negative effects of demographic stress beyond an additive mortality event. More importantly, this study shows that sociality has a key role in the resilience of populations to human-induced mortality; this has major implications for the conservation of highly social and long-lived species.

scholarly journals Religion and Globalization in Laos

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-29
Author(s):  
Boike Rehbein
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Global South ◽  
Functional System ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Private Matter ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Structure Division

According to Eurocentric sociology, modernization is supposed to make religion secular, a functional system, or a private matter. A closer analysis of the impact of contemporary globalization on religion in Laos shows that these tendencies can only be observed in certain social groups and in certain realms of religion. Some social groups preserve or reinvent religious traditions, others construct a new identity, and some do tend towards secularism or differentiation. The paper investigates these tendencies, referring to an empirical case study. It proposes to explain them within a conceptual framework adapted to societies of the global South which focuses on the concepts of social structure, division of work, socioculture, and institution. On the basis of these concepts, the paper proposes to distinguish between different religious realms, namely, belief, performance, and knowledge. In each of these three realms, different tendencies and social distributions can be observed.

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