scholarly journals Mortality trends in Serbia during the 1990s

Stanovnistvo ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 93-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Penev
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Former Soviet Republics

Troubled historical events from the 1990s considerably influenced the latest demographic trends in Serbia (excluding Kosovo and Metohija). In the domain of mortality, these trends were reflected through the manifestation of many unfavorable changes. Such mortality changes in Serbia were relatively short-lived and considerably less pronounced than in most countries in transition, especially in comparison to some former Soviet republics. Taking into consideration the scale and duration of the general social crisis in Serbia, we could evaluate these aggravations as moderate. On the other hand, improvements of mortality trends that arose during the 1990s were considerably less pronounced than in other European countries, especially in comparison to improvements that were realized in some other countries in the second half of the 1990s. During the 1990s, the annual number of deaths as well as the crude death rates continued increasing. The crude death rate of 13.8 per 1000 in the year 2000 represents the maximum in the last 50 years. Consequently, at the end of the 20th century, Serbia (excluding Kosovo and Metohija) is above the European average according to crude mortality rates, and observed by countries, higher rates were registered only in a few former socialist countries. During the 1990s, significant changes in age-specific mortality rates were not realized. The relatively greatest decrease was in infant mortality rate (from 21.8 in 1991 to 11.7 per 1000 in 2001). Despite the unexpectedly favorable trends, Serbia is considerably behind many other European countries in which the infant mortality rate is reduced to a very low level (under 5 per 1000 live births). As for 1991 and 1992, and partly for 1993, a rapid increase of younger adult population deaths was noted. Such trends, though, did not cause considerable changes either in the total number of deaths or in the life expectancy. The mortality of older adult population (40-59) at the end of the observed decade is almost identical to the one at the beginning of the 1990s. The same trend was present in the old population (60 and over), although the mortality level of the elderly population decreased slowly (75-84) or stagnated (85+). Such a mortality trend of the old has been present in Serbia since the 1970s, which is opposed to the changes in many developed countries in which very significant results in lowering old-age mortality were achieved in the last decades. The mortality of the female population is lower in Serbia as well and the recent changes were mainly directed towards decreasing sex differences. The changes were considerably more favorable with the male population than with the female, especially when it comes to the older adult and old populations. Such trends represent a turnover in relation to the 1980s. In the year 2001 in Serbia, the life expectancy at birth for the male population was 69.7 years, and for the female population 75.1 years. In relation to 1991 the expectation of life at birth has been prolonged for both sexes (1.15 years for the men and 0.38 years for the women). Compared with the European average, the life expectancy in Serbia is 2.6 years lower for males and 5.3 years lower for females. Since the extended life expectancy from the nineties was considerably under the European average, the rank of Serbia on the European LE list was lowered. This primarily refers to the male population, while with as regards to the female population, Serbia is still in the group of 10 European countries with the shortest life expectancy at birth. No significant changes were noted in Serbia with as regards to deaths by cause. At the end of the observed period (1999-2001) the cause of death for over half of the deceased (56.1%) were the diseases of the circulatory system. In the same three-year period, neoplasm represented the cause of death for nearly every sixth person (17.6%). Similar percentages were recorded at the beginning of the period (1990-1992) as well. The next on the list of major causes of death were violent deaths, but their number was considerably lower (4.3%). Despite the armed NATO intervention lasting several months in 1999, the percentage of violent deaths remained at a low level, not only in relation to the beginning of the period (5.8%), but also in relation to the European average, and especially in relation to some former Soviet republics. The percentage of infectious and parasitic diseases was also very low (0.5%). This means that the worsening of conditions that influence the general epidemiological situation did not cause a considerable increase of deaths from this group of diseases, and also that the number of the infected and the number of deaths due to AIDS are low in Serbia. At the end of the twentieth century, the so-called symptoms and ill-defined conditions still represented a relatively large percentage (8.4%) of deaths by cause. It is, in relation to the state at the beginning of the period (6.2%), even increased, and considerably higher than in the most developed countries (about 1%). This points to the unsatisfactory quality of data on mortality, but also to the need to use the results of the analysis of mortality according to deaths by cause with caution.

scholarly journals Effect of elimination of diseases on expectation of life in Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 459-466
Author(s):  
Aziza Sultana Rosy Sarkar ◽  
Md Nurul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Public Health Programs ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the trend of life expectancy in Bangladesh and find the effect of eliminating the causes of diseases on life expectancy statistics. Design/methodology/approach Data consisted of 1,530 deaths in 2000, 1,582 deaths in 2004 and 1,514 deaths in 2008 that were collected from the Health and Demographic Surveillance System of International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh. Trends in life expectancy after eliminating the cause of diseases were examined by a Single Decrement Life table. Findings The expectation of life for both male and female presented differing patterns. Results showed that life expectancies were greatly reduced in the presence of all groups of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the community, whilst life expectancies were significantly improved if all NCDs within all disease groups were completely eliminated. The life expectancies in the presence of NCDs showed lowest expected years among all the present diseases groups and the life expectancies eliminating NCDs showed highest expected years among all the eliminating diseases groups. The results indicated that 10.99 years of life would be added to life expectancy at birth for the male population and 8.82 years for the female population in 2008 if NCDs were eliminated. Originality/value The findings of this study provide useful information which could contribute to a more effective allocation of targeted funding for developing public health programs. Lowering mortality by eliminating major groups of diseases results in higher life expectancy ratings. Specifically, the relative impacts of eliminating cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases, as compared with eliminating neoplasms.

scholarly journals Mortality from external causes in Russia over half a century

2015 ◽  
pp. 85-108
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Kvasha ◽  
Tatiana Kharkova ◽  
Valeriy Yumaguzin
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Undetermined Intent ◽  
External Causes Of Death ◽  
Excess Number ◽  
External Causes

The article discusses long-term mortality trends (since 1956) from external causes of death in Russia. Russia has long lagged behind developed countries in this domain. The level of mortality from external causes of death remains high and its structure is still archaic with large contribution of homicides, alcohol poisoning and injuries of undetermined intent. Excess number of deaths from life tables of Russia and Western European countries is compared. It is shown that in Russia the greatest excess losses are associated with mortality from poisonings among both sexes, suicide among men and homicide among women. Mortality from external causes, along with mortality from diseases of the circulatory system, has had a significant impact on life expectancy. In general, over the period 1956-2012 the increase in mortality from external causes in the 15-64 age group reduced life expectancy by 2.6 years for males and 0.7 years for females. The decline, starting in 2003, of mortality from external causes of death has slightly reduced the gap between Russia and developed countries, bringing the current Russian level closer to those levels reached in Russia in the mid-1960s and 1980s. However, given the fluctuations of mortality from external causes, it is premature to say whether the current decline in mortality is robust.

scholarly journals Iodine Intake in Norwegian Women and Men: The Population-Based Tromsø Study 2015–2016

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3246
Author(s):  
Ahmed A Madar ◽  
Espen Heen ◽  
Laila A Hopstock ◽  
Monica H Carlsen ◽  
Haakon E Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Adult Population ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Female Population

Ensuring sufficient iodine intake is a public health priority, but we lack knowledge about the status of iodine in a nationally representative population in Norway. We aimed to assess the current iodine status and intake in a Norwegian adult population. In the population-based Tromsø Study 2015–2016, 493 women and men aged 40–69 years collected 24-h urine samples and 450 participants also completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The 24-h urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was analyzed using the Sandell–Kolthoff reaction on microplates followed by colorimetric measurement. Iodine intake was estimated from the FFQ using a food and nutrient calculation system at the University of Oslo. The mean urine volume in 24 h was 1.74 L. The median daily iodine intake estimated (UIE) from 24-h UIC was 159 µg/day (133 and 174 µg/day in women and men). The median daily iodine intake estimated from FFQ was 281 µg/day (263 and 318 µg/day in women and men, respectively). Iodine intake estimated from 24-h UIC and FFQ were moderately correlated (Spearman rank correlation coefficient r = 0.39, p < 0.01). The consumption of milk and milk products, fish and fish products, and eggs were positively associated with estimated iodine intake from FFQ. In conclusion, this shows that iodine intake estimated from 24-h UIC describes a mildly iodine deficient female population, while the male population is iodine sufficient. Concurrent use of an extensive FFQ describes both sexes as iodine sufficient. Further studies, applying a dietary assessment method validated for estimating iodine intake and repeated individual urine collections, are required to determine the habitual iodine intake in this population.

Adult population dynamics and reproductive effort of the fishing spider Dolomedes triton (Araneae, Pisauridae) in central Alberta

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 2224-2233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Zimmermann ◽  
John R. Spence
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Male Mortality ◽  
Mark Recapture ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Population Size Estimates ◽  
Dolomedes Triton

A combination of simple enumeration and more intensive Jolly–Seber and Manly–Parr mark–recapture estimation was required to give a complete picture of the population dynamics of adult Dolomedes triton on a small pond in central Alberta. The total number of spiders marked was 142 in 1986 and 210 in 1987, and annual adult emergence, using the population size estimates of the two mark–recapture methods, amounted to ca. 150 and 230 individuals in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The sex ratio was not different from 1:1 in 1986, but in 1987 more than twice as many males emerged than females. Males had significantly shorter observed residence times (life-spans) than females. Contrary to longevity estimates based on the survival probabilities given by the Jolly–Seber model, which were close to those based on enumeration, Manly–Parr survival estimates were strongly biased and even yielded impossible estimates of adult longevity. In both years the median date of male emergence preceded that of females by 5–10 days. Male population size decreased dramatically during the interval when the density of the female population increased, supporting the hypothesis that cannibalism by females is a major source of male mortality. Seventy and 55% of marked females produced egg sacs in 1986 and 1987, respectively. First egg sacs contained 472 ± 18.5 (SE) eggs. Four times as many nursery webs were found in 1986 as in 1987, suggesting that significant losses in female reproductive success occur during the period of egg sac care.

Age analysis of the population mortality from diabetes mellitus in the Tula region

10.12737/5613 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Макишева ◽  
R. Makisheva ◽  
Хромушин ◽  
Viktor Khromushin ◽  
Хадарцев ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Age Cohort

The article analyzes 182897 deaths of the adult population of the Tula region from the mortality register from 2007 to 2013 by age cohorts 15-19; 20-24; 25-34; 35-44; 45-54; 55-64; 65-74; &#62;=75, of which 4882 case of death from diabetes. The increasing incidence of diseases of the endocrine system, disorders of nutrition and metabolism is identified and is accordingly 63,7; 66,5; 68,4; 68,3; 69,4; 71,0 per 1000 population. The mortality rate in the Tula region in 2012 from diabetes was 59,86 per 100000 population. The analysis of mortality shows that the ratio of women to men for the period from 2007 to 2013 increases with increasing age in a power-law dependence from 0,6 to 4,49. In the age cohort 45-54 men and women, there is a decrease in the number of cases. The initial increase and the subsequent significant decline in the number of cases have a place for men in this cohort. For women, the mortality rate decreases with larger slope than for men. The dynamics of the mortality of men and women in the cohort 55-64 is characterized by an increase in the number of cases in 2007-2010 and the decrease in 2011-2013. In this cohort, the mortality rate among men increased (except 2013), and the mortality rate of the female population varies only slightly. Mortality of women, men, and for men and women in the cohort 65-74 years decreases, and in the cohort of 75 and over increased. Positive aspects of age analysis is the transfer of deaths from age groups 45-54, 55-64, 65-74 in a cohort of older ages 75 years or more. Negative aspects of age analysis is the increased mortality of the male population in the cohort 55-64 in 2007- 2012, men and women of this cohort in 2007 - 2010 years, as well as the high mortality of the female population from diabetes, compared with the male population of the Tula region.

scholarly journals Gender differences in mental health expectancies in early- and midlife in six European countries

2013 ◽  
Vol 202 (4) ◽  
pp. 294-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Traolach S. Brugha ◽  
Ruth Matthews ◽  
Jordi Alonso ◽  
Gemma Vilagut ◽  
Tony Fouweather ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorder ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Female Population

BackgroundHealth expectancies, taking into account both quality and quantity of life, have generally been based on disability and physical functioning.AimsTo compare mental health expectancies at age 25 and 55 based on common mental disorders both across countries and between males and females.MethodMental health expectancies were calculated by combining mortality data from population life tables and the age-specific prevalence of selected common mental disorders obtained from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD).ResultsFor the male population aged 25 (all countries combined) life expectancy was 52 years and life expectancy spent with a common mental disorder was 1.8 years (95% CI 0.7-2.9),3.4% of overall life expectancy. In comparison, for the female population life expectancy at age 25 was higher (57.9 years) as was life expectancy spent with a common mental disorder (5.1 years, 95% CI 3.6-6.6) and as a proportion of overall life expectancy, 8.8%. By age 55 life expectancy spent with a common mental disorder had reduced to 0.7 years (males) and 2.3 years (females).ConclusionsAge and gender differences underpin our understanding of years spent with common mental disorders in adulthood. Greater age does not mean living relatively more years with common mental disorder. However, the female population spends more years with common mental disorders and a greater proportion of their longer life expectancy with them (and with each studied separate mental disorder).

Commanding the “Be Fruitful and Multiply” Directive: Reproductive Ethics, Law, and Policy in Israel

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL SPERLING
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Reproductive Ethics ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Per Capita

As of June 2009, Israel’s population was 7,424,400 people, 5,604,900 of which were Jewish, 1,502,400 were Arabs, and approximately 317,200 had no religion or are non-Arab Christians. Established in 1948, Israel is a highly urban and industrialized country. Its gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (based on exchange rate) is US$23,257, positioning it among the European developed countries. Life expectancy is 79 years for males and 82 years for females, with infant mortality rate of 4 cases per 1,000 live births. Of Israel’s GDP, 7.7% is spent on health.

scholarly journals Underestimating Lifespans? Why Longevity Risk Exists in Retirement Planning and Superannuation Policy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alison O'Connell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Public Pension ◽  
Longevity Risk ◽  
Pension Policy ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
New Zealanders

<p>The pace of increasing life expectancy in recent decades came as a surprise to demographers, as mortality rates unexpectedly improved at the oldest ages in developed countries. The most common policy response, although one not yet planned for New Zealand, is to increase eligibility age for the public pension. Given the complexity and uncertainty of processes driving mortality improvement, future lifespans cannot be known. However, it is questionable whether policy makers and individuals understand the extent of past and likely future lifespan increase. Available evidence suggests individuals tend to underestimate how long they may live. Population mortality forecasts are generally conservative and poorly explain longevity uncertainties. Longevity risk - the possibility that future lifespans will be longer than anticipated - threatens individuals' pre-retirement financial planning and public pension policy. This thesis examines the extent of longevity risk, its causes, significance and remedies, in these two domains, for New Zealand. The theoretical existence of longevity risk has been acknowledged, but has not been subject to critical analysis in New Zealand or elsewhere. Here, a unique generalisable methodology exploiting insights available from international mortality comparisons is designed, combining actuarial and demographic theory. After assessing the flaws in the time-dependent or period approach to measurement of life expectancy that are known in theory but underexplored in practice, the method emphasises the lifecourse or cohort approach. The three factors that determine longevity risk - plausible population lifespan prospects, the lifespan assumptions used by policy makers and individuals' subjective lifespan expectations - are identified and the relationships between them analysed for New Zealand. An interpretation of the consistency of New Zealand's past mortality trends and future projections with those of other British settler countries, supplemented by a review of the consequences of mortality variance within New Zealand, shows that plausible lifespans in New Zealand are likely to be higher than those in the official projections on which policy makers rely. The first survey to ask how long New Zealanders think they will live shows that collectively, New Zealanders are more likely to underestimate future lifespan than not, based on a variety of beliefs about mortality that are not consistent with the evidence on increasing lifespans. Longevity risk from underestimation of future lifespans is revealed in New Zealand policy making and in individual New Zealanders' retirement plans. The most likely cause is the repeated misuse of life expectancy indicators in an environment lacking public discourse about increasing longevity. A remedy would be switching from using flawed period life expectancy indicators to using cohort life expectancy or modal age at death. Using plausible estimates for future lifespans based on more optimistic estimates than the official projections most often referenced would be important but mitigate longevity risk to a lesser extent. A more extensive public debate than has been held so far about eligibility age for New Zealand's public pension would itself, if using appropriate indicators for future lifespans, provide an opportunity to address longevity risk.</p>

scholarly journals LITERATE LIFE EXPECTANCY AND ITS GENDER DIFFERENTIALS IN OMAN

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
M. Mazharul Islam ◽  
Md. Hasinur Rahaman Khan
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Alternative Measure ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Gender Differentials

Measuring human quality and well-being by the human development index (HDI) is very challenging as it is a composite index of many socio-economic variables. However, a simple index called literate life expectancy (LLE) by combining life expectancy and literacy only can be used as an alternative measure, which is less data intensive than HDI. LLE is the average life expectancy that a person lives under literate state. Length of life in literate state has many positive implications on social, economic and political aspects of life. In this paper an attempt has been made to construct LLE for Omani population with its gender differentials. The data for the study were extracted from the 2015 Statistical Year Book and the 2010 Population and Census report of Oman published by the National Centre for Statistics & Information. Despite socioeconomic progress, levels of education among women in Oman are not the same as men. The analysis shows the remarkable differences in the LLE between men and women for almost all age groups. The Omani female population is much lag behind in literate life expectancy than the Omani male population. The results underscore the need to take necessary steps for reducing gender gap in LLE in Oman.  

scholarly journals The Determinants of Health Status: A Cross-Country Analysis

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (4II) ◽  
pp. 745-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehana Siddiqui ◽  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Human Resource Development ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
General Level ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Impact

An analysis of health status is an important aspect of human resource development. Improvements in health do not only improve the productivity of the labour force, but they also help to improve the impact of other forms of human capital formation, e.g. education. In most developing countries health status is difficult to determine as the question arises as to what measures should be used as indicators of health status. At a general level most of the demand or production function considerations are obtained by aggregating over the micro factors. I However, in the case of health status micro and macro measures may not be perfectly correlated; In most cross-country studies life expectancy at birth or the infant mortality rate are taken as indicators of health status. Other measures which can be used to indicate such improvements in health status are age and diseasespecifrc mortality or morbidity and life expectancy. However, the improvement in health status can be observed most obviously from increases in life expectancy which is a better measure for cross country comparison than age and diseasespecific mortality or morbidity, which are more difficult to compare at the international level.

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