scholarly journals How to recognize an HIV-infected patient in dental practice

2007 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Latkovic
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Kaposi Sarcoma ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Blood Products ◽  
Hairy Leukoplakia ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Family

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) belongs to the family of retroviruses, the subfamily of lentiviruses and can be found in all body fluids. Virus concentration in body fluids determines the way of HIV transmission (through sexual contact, blood and blood products, vertical transmission). The results from literature indicate that, among the first manifestations of HIV, there are gingival and periodontal changes. Besides, certain number of opportunistic infections start and manifest themselves in the oral cavity. The aim of this paper was to present the most frequent changes in the oral cavity, such as: HIV gingivitis, HIV periodontitis, Candidiasis (pseudomembranous, erythematous, hyperplastic and agular cheilitis), hairy leukoplakia, HSV1 and Kaposi sarcoma. .

The Immunocompromised Patient: AIDS

Chest Imaging ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 239-243
Author(s):  
Juliana Bueno
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Kaposi Sarcoma ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Pneumocystis Pneumonia ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Normal Chest ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that results in decreased immunity and favors infectious or neoplastic conditions. The onset of clinical AIDS is defined by a CD4 count of less than 200 cells/mm3 or CD4 cells < 14% of all leukocytes in an HIV-positive patient, even in the absence of opportunistic infections. Imaging abnormalities in HIV(+) should be correlated with the CD4 count to narrow the differential diagnosis. Diffuse ground glass opacities (GGO) on CT in a patient with AIDS and hypoxemia, is virtually diagnostic of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). CT is indicated in HIV(+) patients with respiratory symptoms and normal chest radiographs. Suspect tuberculosis (TB) in patients with advanced AIDS and low CD4 counts presenting with consolidation and lymphadenopathy. Kaposi sarcoma (KS) may simulate cardiogenic pulmonary edema on imaging and should be suspected in patients without clinical evidence of edema.

scholarly journals Oral Candidal Infections and Antimycotics

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.N.B. Ellepola ◽  
L.P. Samaranayake
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection ◽  
Drug Concentration ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Antifungal Effect ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

The advent of the human immunodeficiency virus infection and the increasing prevalence of compromised individuals in the community due to modern therapeutic advances have resulted in a resurgence of opportunistic infections, including oral candidoses. One form of the latter presents classically as a white lesion of "thrush" and is usually easily diagnosed and cured. Nonetheless, a minority of these lesions appears in new guises such as erythematous candidosis, thereby confounding the unwary clinician and complicating its management. Despite the availability of several effective antimycotics for the treatment of oral candidoses, failure of therapy is not uncommon due to the unique environment of the oral cavity, where the flushing effect of saliva and the cleansing action of the oral musculature tend to reduce the drug concentration to sub-therapeutic levels. This problem has been partly circumvented by the introduction of the triazole agents, which initially appeared to be highly effective. However, an alarming increase of organisms resistant to the triazoles has been reported recently. In this review, an overview of clinical manifestations of oral candidoses and recent advances in antimycotic therapy is given, together with newer concepts, such as the post-antifungal effect (PAFE) and its possible therapeutic implications.

The Provision of Safe Blood—Policy Issues in the Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
C J van Dam ◽  
D Sondag-Thull ◽  
L Fransen
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Blood Products ◽  
Donor Blood ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Antibodies ◽  
Safe Blood ◽  
Anti Hiv

The AIDS epidemic has focused attention on the constraints and deficiencies present in many blood transfusion services in the developing world. We discuss a variety of options for reducing transfusion-related HIV transmission, and suggest how new transfusion strategies may be implemented. We show that a transfusion service cannot rely solely on the screening of donor blood for anti-HIV antibodies and that a more comprehensive approach is needed. Important components of this approach include donor selection and improved clinical practice, in which blood and blood products are prescribed only when really necessary.

scholarly journals AIDS-Related Kaposi Sarcoma in a Tertiary University Hospital in Manila, Philippines: A Report of Six Cases

2020 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 144-146
Author(s):  
Lance Isidore G. Catedral ◽  
Leah Antoinette Caro-Chang ◽  
Harold Nathan Tan ◽  
Rogelio Velasco ◽  
Rich Ericson King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Kaposi Sarcoma ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Metro Manila ◽  
Bed Capacity ◽  
The University ◽  
Lost To Follow Up

AbstractWe report six cases of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) seen at the University of the Philippines–Philippine General Hospital, a tertiary university hospital with a 1,500-bed capacity in Manila, from 2017 to February 2020. All cases involved males (21–47 years old) infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Majority came from Metro Manila and had opportunistic infections at the time of KS diagnosis, most commonly pulmonary tuberculosis. Four patients presented with multiple hyperpigmented cutaneous patches. One patient had both cutaneous lesions and necrotic gingival mass. One patient presented with a gastrointestinal mass. One patient underwent systemic chemotherapy (liposomal doxorubicin) but was eventually lost to follow-up. Although considered the most common tumor arising from HIV-infected persons, KS is considered rare in the Philippines. No studies have been undertaken to determine its incidence. However, the incidence may be expected to rise due to the increasing number of Filipinos diagnosed with HIV daily.

Prognostic Factors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-250
Author(s):  
Ivo Laranjinha ◽  
Patrícia João Matias ◽  
Jorge Dickson ◽  
Hermínia Estibeiro ◽  
Helena Boquinhas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Chronic Hemodialysis ◽  
Lower Serum ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Background/Aims: The number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients on hemodialysis (HD) have increased, and their prognostic factors are still poorly clarified. The study aimed to identify factors that can influence the survival of HIV-infected patients on HD. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 44 HIV-infected patients on HD. Results: A total of 17 patients (39%) died. Median survival on HD was 30.8 months and the survival rate at 1 and 5 years was 82.5 and 62.9%, respectively. Male (relative risk [RR] 3.1, p = 0.040) and blacks (RR 2.5, p = 0.037) had higher risk of death. The patients who died had a shorter duration of HIV infection (p = 0.028), had a higher viral load (p = 0.044), more opportunistic infections (p = 0.013), and a lower serum albumin (p = 0.009). Lower serum albumin, nonsexual HIV transmission, viral load, opportunistic infections, and usage of catheters were associated with lower survival. Conclusion: Several demographic, viral, and dialysis variables may help to predict survival of this population. The intervention in these factors could improve their prognosis.

scholarly journals Human β-Defensins Suppress Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Potential Role in Mucosal Protection

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (22) ◽  
pp. 14318-14329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingling Sun ◽  
Catherine M. Finnegan ◽  
Tina Kish-Catalone ◽  
Robert Blumenthal ◽  
Paolo Garzino-Demo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Hiv Replication ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hbd2 Expression

ABSTRACT β-Defensins are small (3 to 5 kDa in size) secreted antimicrobial and antiviral proteins that are components of innate immunity. β-Defensins are secreted by epithelial cells, and they are expressed at high levels in several mucosae, including the mouth, where the concentration of these proteins can reach 100 μg/ml. Because of these properties, we wondered whether they could be part of the defenses that lower oral transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) compared to other mucosal sites. Our data show that select β-defensins, especially human β-defensin 2 (hBD2) and hBD3, inhibit R5 and X4 HIV infection in a dose-dependent manner at doses that are compatible with or below those measured in the oral cavity. We observed that β-defensin treatment inhibited accumulation of early products of reverse transcription, as detected by PCR. We could not, however, detect any reproducible inhibition of env-mediated fusion, and we did not observe any modulation of HIV coreceptors following treatment with hBD1 and hBD2, in both resting and phytohemagglutinin-activated cells. Our data instead suggest that, besides a direct inactivation of HIV virions, hBD2 inhibits HIV replication in the intracellular environment. Therefore, we speculate that β-defensins mediate a novel antiretroviral mechanism that contributes to prevention of oral HIV transmission in the oral cavity. Immunohistochemical data on hBD2 expression in oral mucosal tissue shows that hBD2 is constitutively expressed, forming a barrier layer across the epithelium in healthy subjects, while in HIV-positive subjects levels of hBD2 expression are dramatically diminished. This may predispose HIV-positive subjects to increased incidence of oral complications associated with HIV infection.

Genitourinary medicine

2019 ◽  
pp. 349-368
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Kaposi Sarcoma ◽  
Medical Specialty ◽  
Sexual History ◽  
Sexual Assaults ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Testicular Pain ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Needle Stick Injuries ◽  
Genitourinary Medicine

Genitourinary medicine specializes in the management of sexually transmitted infections and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and encompasses elements of medicine, surgery, and microbiology. Common presentations include pelvic pain, genital irritation or discharge, testicular pain, or following exposure to potential infections (e.g. needle-stick injuries or sexual assaults). A full sexual history is important, as well as a multisystem evaluation and contraception counselling; these are described in detail in the chapter. HIV is a medical specialty in its own right, with multiple complications including opportunistic infections (such as Pneumocystis jirovecii, candidiasis, tuberculosis, and toxoplasmosis) or opportunistic malignancies (Kaposi sarcoma). The screening, diagnosis, and management of HIV and its related conditions are described.

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