scholarly journals Incidence and distribution of leek yellow stripe virus in allium crops in Serbia

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 145-155
Author(s):  
Ivan Vucurovic ◽  
Dusan Nikolic ◽  
Nikola Radovic ◽  
Ana Vucurovic ◽  
Danijela Ristic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Nuclear Inclusion ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Leek Yellow Stripe Virus ◽  
Clade B ◽  
The World ◽  
Yellow Stripe ◽  
Das Elisa

Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) is one of the most frequent and important viruses in leek and garlic crops worldwide. In Serbia this virus is found both in leek and garlic, and often at high percentages. During two consecutive years, 2012 and 2013, a total 92 samples were collected from 11 inspected leek-, garlic- and onion-growing locations and they were analyzed for the presence of LYSV using DAS-ELISA. LYSV was detected in 31.5% of the tested samples. In 2012, the presence of LYSV was only detected in leek plants, and in 55.6% of the tested samples. During 2013, LYSV was detected in 85% of leek and 58.3% of garlic samples. In total, LYSV was detected in 56.4% of leek samples and 17.1% garlic samples. LYSV incidence was confirmed using RT-PCR with LYSV specific primers amplifying 1020 bp fragment representing coat protein and part of nuclear inclusion B genes. Molecular identification was confirmed by sequencing of two selected isolates, 181-13 (MG242625) from garlic and 298-13 (MG242624) from leek, and comparing them to the GenBank sequences of LYSV. Phylogenetic analysis of 55 sequences of LYSV from all over the world showed some correlation between host plant and geographical origin of the isolates, forming five separate clades. Two Serbian LYSV isolates fell into distant clades. The Serbian leek isolate 298-13 of LYSV belongs to clade B, while isolate 181-13 originating from garlic belongs in clade E.

scholarly journals First Report of Onion yellow dwarf virus, Leek yellow stripe virus, and Garlic common latent virus in Garlic in Oregon

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Gieck ◽  
H. R. Pappu ◽  
P. B. Hamm ◽  
N. L. David
Keyword(s):  
Protein Gene ◽  
Onion Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Cloning And Sequencing ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Leek Yellow Stripe Virus ◽  
Garlic Common Latent Virus ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Yellow Stripe ◽  
Composite Samples

A general mosaic and yellowing of leaves of three cultivars of garlic (Allium sativum L., Late, Early, and Germinador) were observed in two seed-production fields in Morrow County, OR in June 2005. Approximately 50% of plants within the 50-ha fields were symptomatic. With recent findings of Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV), and Garlic common latent virus (GCLV) in Washington (2), 45 composite samples of 10 leaves each from symptomatic (mosaic and yellowing) and nonsymptomatic plants were analyzed with a GCLV-specific antiserum (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN). All samples of ‘Germinador’ were infected regardless of symptoms, whereas 6.7% of all ‘Late’ and ‘Early’ samples were positive. GCLV infection was verified by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using primers specific to the coat protein gene of GCLV followed by cloning and sequencing of the cloned amplicon. To determine the presence of a potyvirus, all composite samples were also tested with a general potyvirus antiserum (Agdia) and all samples from symptomatic plants were found to be positive. Representative positive samples from each cultivar were then tested by RT-PCR using degenerate, potyvirus group specific primers (3), and an amplicon of the expected size was obtained. To confirm which potyvirus was present, amplicons were cloned and sequenced, and sequence comparisons indicated that the representative samples were infected with OYDV. All symptomatic samples from the three cultivars were positive for OYDV when tested by RT-PCR using primers specific to its coat protein gene (1). Additionally, 53.3 and 6.7% of ‘Early’ and ‘Late’ samples, respectively, were also positive when tested with LYSV-specific primers (4). LYSV infection was further verified through cloning and sequencing of the cloned amplicon. Because this garlic is grown for seed, studies are being initiated to determine if current season spread occurs and yields are reduced. To our knowledge, this is the first report of OYDV, LYSV, and GCLV in garlic in Oregon. References: (1) P. Lunello et al. J. Virol. Methods 118:15, 2004. (2) H. R. Pappu et al. Plant Dis. 89:205, 2005. (3) S. S. Pappu et al. J. Virol. Methods 41:9, 1993. (4) T. Tsuneyoshi et al. Phytopathology. 86:253, 1996.

scholarly journals First Report of Onion yellow dwarf virus, Leek yellow stripe virus, and Garlic common latent virus in Garlic in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Pappu ◽  
B. C. Hellier ◽  
F. M. Dugan
Keyword(s):  
Washington State ◽  
Onion Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Leek Yellow Stripe Virus ◽  
Virus Sequence ◽  
Garlic Common Latent Virus ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Yellow Stripe ◽  
Pcr Test

Washington State ranks fourth in the country in garlic (Allium sativum) production (2). The impact of viruses on garlic production may be significant in Washington State, but little is known about the occurrence or identity of specific viruses (2). The USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Introduction Station (WRPIS) collects, maintains, and distributes garlic accessions. As part of the regeneration process, accessions are grown in field conditions at the WRPIS farm in Pullman, WA. In June 2004, several WRPIS accessions developed symptoms indicative of viral infection, primarily chlorotic spots and yellow stripes on leaves and scapes. Cultivars Georgia Fire and Georgia Crystal showed more than 90% incidence of symptomatic plants. Some chlorotic spots appeared similar to those caused by Iris yellow spot virus on other Allium spp. such as A. cepa. However, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with IYSV-specific primers (1) did not reveal the presence of IYSV. Degenerate, group-specific primers to potyviruses (3) and carlaviruses (courtesy of S. D. Wyatt) were used on total nucleic acids extracted from each symptomatic plant with reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. The samples (n = 26) gave an RT-PCR product of the expected size with the group-specific potyvirus RT-PCR test. One sample was positive with the carlavirus group RT-PCR test. RT-PCR products from both tests were cloned and sequenced. Comparisons with sequences in GenBank showed that all but one had Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), whereas one sample had a mixed infection of OYDV and Leek yellow stripe virus. Sequence analysis showed that the carlavirus was Garlic common latent virus. Sequence identities ranged from 95 to 99% for each of the viruses when compared with those available in GenBank. All samples were then tested for each of these viruses with commercially available antisera. Results of ELISA confirmed the findings of RT-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first report for each of these garlic viruses from Washington State. This finding prompts the need for evaluating all garlic accessions for the potential impact of these viruses on garlic germ plasm conservation and distribution. References: (1) L. J. du Toit et al. Plant Dis. 88:222, 2004. (2) R. M. Hannan and E. J. Sorensen. Crop Profile for Garlic in Washington. Washington State University Coop Extension and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2002. (3) S. S. Pappu et al. J. Virol. Methods 41:9, 1993.

scholarly journals Distribution of viruses in the shallot germplasm collection of the Czech Republic – Short Communication

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 49-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kateřina Smékalová ◽  
Helena Stavělíková ◽  
Karel Dušek
Keyword(s):  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Latent Virus ◽  
Onion Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Leek Yellow Stripe Virus ◽  
Garlic Common Latent Virus ◽  
Shallot Latent Virus ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Yellow Stripe ◽  
Das Elisa

The Czech collection of shallot (Allium cepa var. ascalonicum) genetic resources (122 accessions) was surveyed for the presence of four different viruses, i.e. Onion yellow dwarf virus, Leek yellow stripe virus, Garlic common latent virus (GCLV), and Shallot latent virus, by DAS-ELISA. The shallot seems to be resistant against GCLV because none of the tested plants was infested by this virus. Other three viruses were found with an incidence ranging from 53% to 93% for genotypes and 48% to 87% for plants. Most of the tested shallot genotypes were simultaneously infected with two or three viruses. These results were compared with neighbouring collection of garlic where all four viruses were found widespread with an incidence ranging from 65% to 83% for genotypes and 39% to 61% for plants.  

scholarly journals Variations of Leek yellow stripe virus Concentration in Garlic and Its Incidence in Argentina

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (10) ◽  
pp. 1085-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilma C. Conci ◽  
Pablo Lunello ◽  
Diana Buraschi ◽  
Rusell R. Italia ◽  
Sergio F. Nome
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Leek Yellow Stripe Virus ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
White Type ◽  
Yellow Stripe ◽  
Das Elisa

The purpose of this work was to determine variations in titer of Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) throughout the crop cycle and bulb storage, and to evaluate the incidence of infected plants in the main garlic-production regions of Argentina. One hundred plants with LYSV from each of five cultivars were analyzed by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) in six different vegetative stages in White- and Red-type garlic cultivars and seven stages in cv. Rosado Paraguayo, throughout the year. In two White-type garlic cultivars, LYSV showed peaks of viral concentration in May, at the beginning of the crop cycle, and in November, just before harvest. In two Red-type garlic selections, an increase was detected in November (period of bulbing). The highest virus titers for these four garlic cultivars were detected in devernalized clove. In Rosado Paraguayo, the peak virus concentration occurred in September prior to harvesting. In a survey at 14 different localities in Argentina, 3,066 random samples were analyzed. LYSV was found in 80 to 98% of the plants from all regions, except in Santa Cruz, where 34% of plants were infected. The importance of this study is that it allows us to recommend the most suitable moment of the year to make the analysis with DAS-ELISA.

scholarly journals First Report of Leek yellow stripe virus in Garlic in Ohio

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 574-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Testen ◽  
D. P. Mamiro ◽  
T. Meulia ◽  
N. Subedi ◽  
M. Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Asexual Propagation ◽  
First Report ◽  
Leek Yellow Stripe Virus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Virus Complex ◽  
Yellow Stripe

Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV), genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae, infects a wide range of Allium species worldwide. LYSV is one of several viruses that chronically infect garlic, Allium sativum L. The garlic virus complex, which includes LYSV, Onion yellow dwarf virus, and Garlic common latent virus, is perpetuated by asexual propagation (4) and is transmitted to clean planting material by aphids (3). This virus complex can reduce garlic bulb weight by nearly three quarters (2), and LYSV-only infections can result in approximately a one-quarter reduction in bulb weight (2). Garlic is grown as a small-scale, specialty crop in Ohio. During late May and early June 2013, garlic plants with virus-like symptoms were collected from Medina, Holmes, and Wayne counties, Ohio. Plants exhibited chlorotic streaking, foliar dieback, dwarfing, small bulbs, and cylindrical bulbs that failed to differentiate into cloves. Incidence of affected plants in the fields was up to 5% and all fields had early season aphid infestations. Flexuous rods were observed in TEM micrographs of plant sap from symptomatic leaves. Five symptomatic plants and six asymptomatic plants (from fields with symptomatic plants) were evaluated for LYSV by DAS-ELISA (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN). Reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR with LYSV-specific primers LYSV-WA and LYSV-WAR (3) was performed with cDNA generated by the High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Both foliar and bulb tissues were tested using both detection methods. Forty percent of symptomatic plants and 67% of asymptomatic plants tested positive for LYSV with both ELISA and RT-PCR. LYSV was detected in both foliar and bulb tissues, including both tissues from asymptomatic plants. Five PCR amplicons generated from both foliar and bulb tissue were sequenced and shown to share 96 to 98% maximum identity with an LYSV polyprotein gene accession in GenBank (AY842136). This provided additional support that the detected virus was LYSV. LYSV was initially difficult to detect in Ohio fields due to low disease incidence and subtle symptom development. Use of virus-tested garlic bulbs can improve yield for several years, even following viral reinfection by aphids, compared to growing garlic from chronically infected bulbs (1). However, many growers routinely save bulbs from year to year and lack access to or knowledge of virus-tested sources of garlic bulbs. Conducive conditions, chronic infections, or co-infections with other viruses enhance the severity of symptoms and yield loss (2). LYSV has previously been reported in garlic producing regions of the northwestern United States (3), and to our knowledge, this is the first report of LYSV in garlic in Ohio. References: (1) V. Conci et al. Plant Dis. 87:1411, 2003. (2) P. Lunello et al. Plant Dis. 91:153, 2008. (3) H. Pappu et al. Plant Health Progress 10, 2008. (4) L. Parrano et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 51:549, 2012.

scholarly journals Genetic Analysis of Clinical VZV Isolates Collected in China Reveals a More Homologous Profile

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longfeng Jiang ◽  
Lin Gan ◽  
Jason Chen ◽  
Mingli Wang
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Polymorphic Markers ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Clade B ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Reading Frames

Forty-four varicella-zoster virus (VZV) isolates from China were genotyped by using a scattered single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) method, including open reading frames (ORFs) 1, 22, 31, 37, 60, 62, 67, and 68. Based on the analysis of the polymorphic markers in the 8 ORFs, all of the 44 isolates can be placed in genotype J defined by the SNP profiles in ORF22 or clade B defined by the SNP profiles in ORFs 31, 37, 60, 62, 67, and 68. The three consecutive nucleotide (CGG) in-frame insertions in ORF 1 were found in 8 (18.2%) isolates, which has not been described in VZV strains from any other part of the world. A novel synonymous A>G substitution in ORF60 was revealed in 4 (9.1%) of the isolates. In addition, a previously described three consecutive nucleotide (ATC) insertion in ORF 60 was found in all the Chinese isolates but not in the US isolate MLS. The results showed all the 44 strains that belong to genotype J/clade B with significantly high homogeneity, and phylogenetic analysis suggested that the 44 Chinese isolates consist of 4 clusters, but interstrain variations also exist. Overall, VZV isolates obtained in China showed significantly higher genetic homogeneity than isolates reported from other countries.

scholarly journals First Report of Tomato chlorosis virus in Potato in Brazil

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. S. Freitas ◽  
I. Nardin ◽  
N. Shimoyama ◽  
J. A. C. Souza-Dias ◽  
J. A. M. Rezende
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Roll ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
First Report ◽  
Interveinal Chlorosis ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
The World ◽  
Tomato Chlorosis Virus ◽  
Biotype B

Potato plants (Solanum tuberosum cv. Ágata) exhibiting symptoms of leaf roll and interveinal chlorosis, especially on older leaves, were found in a commercial crop in the County of Cristalina, State of Goiás, Brazil in June 2011. The crop was severely infested by whitefly Bemisia tabaci biotype B. Four potato tubers from symptomatic plants were indexed for the presence of the following viruses: Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV), and Potato virus Y (PVY). Total RNA was extracted separately from each tuber and used for reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using the HS-11/HS-12 primer pair, which amplifies a fragment of 587 bp from the highly conserved region of the heat shock protein (HSP-70) homolog gene reported for ToCV. The RT-PCR product was subsequently tested by nested-PCR for detection of ToCV with specific primers ToC-5/ToC-6 (2). Amplicons of 463 bp, amplified from total RNA separately extracted from three tubers, were purified and directly sequenced. Comparisons among the three consensus sequences of 448 bp (GenBank Accession Nos. JQ288896, JQ288897, and JQ288898) revealed respectively, 98, 100, and 100% identity with the reported sequence of a tomato isolate of ToCV from Brazil (GenBank Accession No. EU868927) (1). For ToSRV detection, total DNA was extracted from two tubers and a fragment of approximately 820 bp was amplified by PCR with specific primers (3). PLRV and PVY were indexed in two and three tubers, respectively, by double-antibody sandwich-ELISA (SASA, Edinburg, Scotland). Virus-free B. tabaci biotype B were separately transferred to potato and tomato leaves infected with ToCV for an acquisition access period of 24 h. Groups of 30 viruliferous whitefly were transferred to four, young, sprout-grown potato plants cv. Ágata (two plants per virus isolate) for 24-h inoculation access period. After 37 days of inoculation, one plant inoculated with the potato and tomato isolates of ToCV, respectively exhibited symptoms of leaf roll and interveinal chlorosis on order leaves, which were similar to that induced by PLRV. Experimental infection of potato plants with ToCV, which induced leaf roll symptoms resembling PLRV infection, was reported in the United States by Wisler et al. (4). The potato isolate of ToCV was also transmitted by B. tabaci to one of two inoculated tomato plants. The presence of ToCV in all inoculated plants was detected by nested-RT-PCR as described above. To our knowledge, this is the first report on detection of ToCV in field potato plants in the world. Considering that ToCV occurs in innumerous countries around the world, it is transmitted by a cosmopolitan insect, and it induces symptoms similar to PLRV, this finding triggers an alert to field dependent seed-potato multiplication, virus inspector, and certification system. References: (1) J. C. Barbosa et al. Plant Dis. 92:1709, 2008. (2) C. I. Dovas et al. Plant Dis. 86:1345, 2002. (3) F. R. Fernandes et al. Trop. Plant Pathol. 35:43, 2010. (4) G. C. Wisler et al. Plant Dis. 82:270, 1998.

scholarly journals Detection of Pineapple mealybug wilt-associated virus 1 and 3 in Mexico

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Leobardo Ochoa-Martínez ◽  
Daniel Emigdio Uriza-Ávila ◽  
Reyna Isabel Rojas-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Australian Isolate ◽  
Hsp70 Gene ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
The World ◽  
Mealybug Wilt ◽  
Pineapple Mealybug Wilt ◽  
Pineapple Mealybug ◽  
Wilt Virus ◽  
Mexican Isolate

<p>In El Bajo Papaloapan, the main producing area of pineapple of Mexico, leaves with typical symptoms of viral infection consisting in chlorosis, flaccidity, reduced growth and reddening were collected. By RT-PCR with specific primers for the hsp70 gene and subsequent sequencing were detected Pineapple mealybug wilt virus associated-virus 1 (PMWaV-1) and Pineapple mealybug wilt virus associated-3 (PMWaV-3). From the sequences obtained a tree was done with sequences from different regions of the world available in GenBank in order to know their similarity. The sequence obtained from the Mexican isolate PMWaV-1 was genetically related to the sequences of isolates from Cuba, Taiwan, Thailand and Hawaii and more distant from the Australian isolate. The sequence obtained for the Mexican isolate PMWaV-3 was more related to isolates from Hawaii, Cuba, Australia and Taiwan and more distant from the Thailand isolate. This is the first report of the presence of these two viruses in Mexico.</p>

scholarly journals Distribución viral en plantas de cebolla (Allium cepa L.) asintomáticas

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 1425-1434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Velásquez-Valle ◽  
Manuel Reveles-Hernández ◽  
Mario Domingo Amador-Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Onion Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Leek Yellow Stripe Virus ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Allium Cepa L ◽  
Garlic Common Latent Virus ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Yellow Stripe ◽  
Wilt Virus ◽  
Das Elisa

Se estudió por medio de DAS- ELISA la distribución del Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV, virus del enanismo amarillo de la cebolla), Garlic common latent virus (GarCLV, virus latente común del ajo), Shallot latent v irus (SLV, virus latente del chalote), Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV: virus de la franja amarilla del puerro), Tobacco etch virus (TEV, virus del jaspeado del tabaco) y Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV, virus de la marchitez manchada del jitomate) en hojas, psdeudotallo e inflorescencia de plantas de cebolla asintomáticas colectadas en diferentes épocas de 2010 en tres localidades del estado de Zacatecas, México. Se registró la presencia de esos virus en los órganos mencionados aunque resultó frecuente detectar infecciones mezcladas en hojas individuales donde las interacciones más comunes involucraban dos, tres y cuatro virus. No se encontró una tendencia que relacione la presencia viral con los órganos vegetales analizados o con la edad de las hojas; sin embargo, las infecciones con un solo virus parecen ser menos frecuentes en las hojas de edad intermedia.

scholarly journals An outbreak of influenza A(H3N2) in Alappuzha district, Kerala, India, in 2011

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (04) ◽  
pp. 362-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Peter ◽  
Anukumar Balakrishnan ◽  
Varsha A Potdar ◽  
Mandeep S Chadha ◽  
Santhosh M Jadhav
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
The World ◽  
Kerala State ◽  
Ha1 Gene ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Introduction: Influenza is an RNA virus that belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family. It causes a highly contagious acute respiratory illness, has been recognized since ancient times, and is a major health threat throughout the world. An outbreak of influenza-like illness (ILI) was reported from Alappuzha district of Kerala State between late June and July 2011. This investigation was conducted to determine the clinical picture, causative agents, and epidemiological characteristics of the illness. Methodology: The World Health Organization (WHO)’s case definition for ILI was followed throughout the investigation. Nasal or throat swabs were collected from 204 suspected patients. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based diagnosis was performed to detect influenza A and B viruses and their subtypes. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line was used for virus isolation. One-step RT-PCR was performed to amplify the HA1 gene of influenza A(H3N2). The amplicons for the HA1 gene of influenza A(H3N2) were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was done. Results: Analysis of the data revealed that 96 (47.05%) of the 204 respiratory specimens collected were influenza A(H3N2) and only 6 (2.94%) were A(H1N1)pdm09. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolated A(H3N2) was closely related to the 2012–2013 northern hemisphere vaccine strain (A/Victoria/361/2011/H3N2). Conclusions: An influenza A(H3N2) outbreak was confirmed in Alappuzha district of Kerala state with a co-circulation of A(H1N1)pdm09. No substantial difference in the sequence was observed in the etiological agent, and the virus was found to be sensitive to oseltamivir.

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