scholarly journals Integrated management of causal agents of postharvest fruit rot of apple

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mila Grahovac ◽  
Dusanka Indjic ◽  
Brankica Tanovic ◽  
Sanja Lazic ◽  
Slavica Vukovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Apple Fruits

One of the major causes of poor quality and fruit loss (during storage and transport) are diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi. Economic losses which are the consequence of the phytopathogenic fungus activity after harvest exceed the losses in the field. The most important postharvest fungal pathogens of apple fruits are: Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr., Penicillium expansum (Lk.) Thom., Cryptosporiopsis curvispora (Peck.) Grem., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc., Monilinia sp., Gloeosporium album Osterw, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Cladosporium herbarium Link., Cylindrocarpon mali (Alles.) Wollenw., Stemphylium botryosum Wallr. The use of available protection technologies can significantly reduce losses caused by pathogens in storage. The concept of integrated pest management (IPM) in apple fruits i.e. sustainable approach in control of causal agents of postharvest fruit rot, using cultural, physical, biological and chemical measures, to minimize economic, health and risks to consumers and environment, is presented in the paper.

ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIAL ANTAGONISTS OF THE DRAGON FRUIT FUNGAL PATHOGEN Neoscytalidium dimidiatum

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
NGUYEN NGOC AN ◽  
HUA HUYNH MINH THAO ◽  
HO NGUYEN HOANG YEN ◽  
NGUYEN THI DIEU HANH ◽  
NGUYEN LE HIEN HOA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Spore ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Neoscytalidium Dimidiatum ◽  
Dragon Fruit

Dragon fruit or pitahaya (Hylocereus spp.) are famous for their nutrient-rich favourable taste, which brings high economic value to subtropical and tropical countries. However, dragon fruit cultivation all over the world is threatened by fungal pathogens and among them, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum has recently been shown to be responsible for stem canker and fruit rot which cause big economic losses. In order to find an environmentally friendly way to control this pathogen, five out of sixty-nine bacterial isolates used in a screening test for antifungal activity were selected. All five strains appeared to be aerobic Gram positive spore forming bacteria suggesting that they all belong to the Bacillus genus. Cell-free culture supernatants of these strains were found to strongly inhibit both fungal spore germination and mycelia growth in vitro for at least 5 days. The strain D19 which possessed the highest antagonistic effect was further identified to be Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, a well-known species shown to have antifungal effect against several other pathogenic fungi. Thus, the results of this study opened a new promising perspective to prevent Neoscytalidium dimidiatum infection during cultivation of dragon fruit.

scholarly journals Integrated Management of Mouldy Core and Pink Mould Rot of Apples in Storage under Controlled Atmosphere Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 180-184
Author(s):  
Neelam Kumari ◽  
◽  
J. N. Sharma ◽  
Deepika Singh ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Management ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Neem Oil ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Ice Water ◽  
Apple Fruits

Effect of pre-cooling, hot water treatment, fumigation, an antagonist (Bacillus subtilis) along with treatment of apple fruits with extract of Emblica officinalis (amla) and coating with neem oil was evaluated for their activity against the fungal growth of Alternaria alternata and Trichothecium roseum, the causal agents of mouldy core and pink mould rot, respectively. Impregnation of fruit trays with botanical formulations was also integrated with other treatments before placing the treated and untreated fruits in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage for four months. The integration of hydro cooling with ice water+CaCl2 (HIWC)+fruit skin coating with neem oil (1%)+placing treated fruits on botanical formulation (BF) impregnated fruit trays (treatment combination T7) prior to CA storage gave highest inhibition of the pathogenic tested fungi with rot incidence of 16.05, 20.46% and fruit rot of 9.05, 11.46%, respectively. The treatment combination T6 in which the antagonist B. subtilis was integrated with pre-cooling and BF-impregnated trays was the next effective treatment with rot incidence of 20.35, 23.07% and fruit rot of 13.34, 17.08%, respectively.

scholarly journals Variability in production of extracellular enzymes by different fungi isolated from rotten pear, peach and grape fruits

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shazia Parveen ◽  
Abdul Hamid Wani ◽  
Mohd Yaqub Bhat ◽  
Jahangir Abdullah Koka ◽  
Mohammad Afaan Fazili
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Enzymatic Production ◽  
Alternaria Sp ◽  
Almost All

Fifteen fungal pathogens, viz. Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium expansum, Monilinia fructigena, Trichothecium roseum, Cladosporium herbarum, Aspergillus niger, Coprinus psychromorbidus, Alternaria alternaria, Phytophthora palmivora, Pythium sp., Fusarium solani, Alternaria sp., Monilinia sp., Guignardia bidwellii and Rhizopus stolonifer isolated from rotted fruits were evaluted for the production of different enzyme on solid culture media. All the isolates produced enzymes on the media used, 87.67% of the isolated fungi were found to produce amylases, 80.00% of the fungi produced lipases, 73.33% produced proteases, cellulases by 66.67% and pectinases by 60.00%. The array of enzymes produced differs between different fungi. Penicillium sp., Alternaria alternata, Rhizopus stolonifer and Alternaria sp. were found to produce all the tested enzymes on culture media. These pathogens are known to attack almost all the plants, fruits, vegetables and cause many diseases. The differences in the enzymatic production of different fungal pathogens represent their virulence and specificity in causing different fruit rot diseases.

scholarly journals First Report of Brown Rot Caused by Monilinia fructicola on Nectarine in Serbia

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hrustić ◽  
M. Mihajlović ◽  
B. Tanović ◽  
G. Delibašić ◽  
I. Stanković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
First Report ◽  
Apple Fruits

In August 2011, nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica (Suckow) C. K. Schneid) fruit originated from Oplenac region with symptoms of fruit rot was collected at a green market in Belgrade. Fruit had large, brown, sunken lesions covered with grayish brown tufts. Symptoms resembled those caused by species of Monilinia including M. laxa, M. fructigena, or M. fructicola (2). In order to isolate the causal organism, small superficial fragments of pericarp were superficially disinfected with commercial bleach and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The majority (32 out of 33) isolates formed rosetted non-sporulating colonies with lobed margins resembling those of M. laxa. However, one isolate (Npgm) produced an abundant, grayish-white colony with even margins and concentric rings of sporogenous mycelium, resembling those described for M. fructicola (2). Conidia were one-celled, hyaline, ellipsoid to lemon shaped, 7.38 to 14.76 × 4.92 to 9.84 μm, and borne in branched monilioid chains. The average daily growth on PDA at 24°C was 10.9 mm. A single-spore isolate of Npgm was identified as M. fructicola based on the morphology of colony and conidia, temperature requirements, and growth rate (2). Morphological identification was confirmed by an amplified product of 535 bp using genomic DNA extracted from the mycelium of pure culture and species-specific PCR for the detection of M. fructicola (2). The ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA of Npgm was amplified and sequenced using primers ITS1/ITS4. Sequence analysis of ITS region revealed 100% nucleotide identity between the isolate Npgm (GenBank Accession No. JX127303) and 17 isolates of M. fructicola from different parts of the world, including four from Europe (FJ411109, FJ411110, GU967379, JN176564). Pathogenicity of the isolate Npgm was confirmed by inoculating five surface-disinfected mature nectarine and five apple fruits by placing a mycelial plug under the wounded skin of the fruit. Nectarine and apple fruits inoculated with sterile PDA plugs served as a negative controls. After a 3-day incubation at 22°C, inoculated sites developed brown lesions and the pathogen was succesfully reisolated. There were no symptoms on the control nectarine or apple fruits. M. fructicola is commonly present in Asia, North and South America, New Zealand, and Australia, while in the EPPO Region the pathogen is listed as an A2 quarantine organism (3). In Europe, the first discovery of M. fructicola was reported in France and since then, it has been found in Hungary, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, Spain, Slovenia, Italy, Austria, Poland, Romania, Germany, and Slovakia (1). Most recently, M. fructicola was found on stored apple fruits in Serbia (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. fructicola decaying peach fruit in Serbia. These findings suggest that the pathogen is spreading on its principal host plants and causing substantial economic losses in the Serbian fruit production. References: (1) R. Baker et al. European Food Safety Authority. Online publication. www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal . EFSA J. 9:2119, 2011. (2) M. J. Côté. Plant Dis. 88:1219, 2004. (3) OEPP/EPPO. EPPO A2 list of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests. Version 2009-09. http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/listA2.htm . (4). M. Vasic et al. Plant Dis. 96:456, 2012.

scholarly journals Year-to-Year Incidence of Cranberry Fruit Rot and Persistence of Fungal Pathogens

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay D. Wells-Hansen ◽  
Patricia S. McManus
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Current Management ◽  
Consistent Basis ◽  
One Year ◽  
Management Recommendations

Cranberry fruit rot is a disease complex comprised of as many as 15 fungal species. Current management recommendations are to spray broad-spectrum fungicides every year in regions such as New Jersey where fruit rot incidence is high on a consistent basis. By contrast, in regions such as Wisconsin, where economic losses from fruit rot occur sporadically, many growers forego fungicide sprays, but if faced with a serious fruit rot outbreak they then spray fungicides intensively the following year to prevent a recurrence of disease. This recommendation is based on the untested assumption that left unchecked, fruit rot incidence will increase and that the predominant fruit rot pathogens will persist from one year to the next. Field studies conducted over 3 years showed that in New Jersey fruit rot incidence increased or remained high and fruit rot pathogens persisted from one year to the next. By contrast, in Wisconsin fruit rot incidence decreased or remained low, and the persistence of pathogens was inconsistent from one year to the next. Thus, in Wisconsin, fruit rot incidence and fungal species present in one year do not reliably predict the disease situation in the following year, a finding that should be considered when planning fungicide spray programs.

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of Fungal Pathogens Causing Fruit Rot of Deciduous Holly

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (12) ◽  
pp. 2430-2445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Lin ◽  
Nancy J. Taylor ◽  
Francesca Peduto Hand
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Inoculum Concentration ◽  
Fruit Samples

Cut branches of deciduous holly (Ilex spp. L.) harboring colorful berries are traditionally used as ornaments in holiday decorations. Since 2012, a fruit rot of unspecified cause has resulted in significant yield reduction and economic losses across Midwestern and Eastern U.S. nurseries. In this study, symptomatic fruit samples collected from nine different locations over five years were analyzed, and several fungal species were isolated. A combination of morphological characterization, multilocus phylogenetic analyses, and pathogenicity assays revealed that Alternaria alternata and Diaporthe ilicicola sp. nov. were the primary pathogens associated with symptomatic fruit. Other fungi including A. arborescens, Colletotrichum fioriniae, C. nymphaeae, Epicoccum nigrum, and species in the D. eres species complex appeared to be minor pathogens in this disease complex. In detached fruit pathogenicity assays testing the role of wounding and inoculum concentration on disease development, disease incidence and severity increased when fruit was wounded and inoculated with a higher inoculum concentration. These findings indicate that management strategies that can protect fruit from injury or reduce inoculum may lower disease levels in the field. This research established the basis for further studies on this emerging disease and the design of research-based management strategies. To our knowledge, it also represents the first report of species of Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, and Epicoccum causing fruit rot of deciduous holly.

Synthesis and Antifungal Activities of Drimane-Amide Derivatives from Sclareol

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 501-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miaofeng Ma ◽  
Jili Feng ◽  
Dezhi Wang ◽  
Shu-Wei Chen ◽  
Hui Xu
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Amide Derivatives

Aim and Objective: Plant diseases are caused by fungal pathogens lead to severe economic losses in many agriculture crops. And the increasing resistance of many fungi to commonly used antifungal agents necessitates the discovery and development of new fungicides. So this study was focused on synthesizing novel skeleton compounds to effectively control plant diseases. Materials and Methods: A series of drimane-amide derivatives were designed, synthesized by aminolysis reaction of amine with intermediate sclareolide which was prepared from sclareol. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were confirmed using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS (ESI) spectroscopic data. Their in vitro antifungal activity were preliminarily evaluated by using the mycelium growth rate method against five phytopathogenic fungi: Botrytis cinerea, Glomerella cingulata, Alternaria alternate, Alternaria brassicae, and Fusarium graminearum. Results: 23 target compounds were successfully obtained in yields of 52-95%. Compounds A2 and A3 displayed favorable inhibitory potency against B. cinerea, G. cingulata and A. brassicae with IC50 values ranging from 3.18 to 10.48 µg/mL. These two compounds displayed higher fungicidal activity than sclareol against all the tested phytopathogenic fungi, and were more effective than the positive control thiabendazole against A. alternate and A. brassicae. The structure-activity relationship studies of compounds A1-10 indicated that both the position and type of substituent on the phenyl ring had significant effects on antifungal activity. Conclusion: The drimane-amide derivatives A2 and A3 were the most promising derivatives and should be selected as new templates for the potential antifungal agents.

scholarly journals Effect of wrapping and packaging materials on fruit rot of guava (Psidium guajava Linn.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-191
Author(s):  
GYANA JHA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Duration Of Storage ◽  
Fruit Decay

In the present study, wrapping and packaging materials were evaluated for their capacity to decrease the decay losses of guava fruits during storage under ambient conditions (18-22OC and 75-80% RH) at Tej Narayan Banaili College, T.M. Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur during the year 2014-2016. Results revealed that post-harvest decay loss can be minimized significantly through proper wrapping or packaging of fruits for storage. Fruits wrapped with heat-shrinkable low density polyethylene film (LDPE, 25 µm thick), or packed up to 30 days of storage in corrugated fibre board (CFB) boxes exhibited low decay losses of 11.9 and 22.8 per cent, respectively. In general, the fruit loss due to fungal attack increased with increasing duration of storage. Altogether 7 fungal species were found associated with rotten fruits during the storge. Botryodiplodia theobromae, was the most prominent post-harvest rotting agent causing 37.5% fruit loss. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Pestalotia psidii and Alternaria alternata showed 30.8, 25.5 and 16.8% fruit decay losses, respectively. Aspergillus niger (10.6%) Penicillium expansum (7.0%) and Rhizopus stolonifer (4.5%) caused least per cent decay losses of guava fruits.

Control of Winged Waterprimrose (Jussiaea decurrens) and Northern Jointvetch (Aeschynomene virginica) with Fungal Pathogens

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Boyette ◽  
G. E. Templeton ◽  
R. J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Growing Region

An indigenous, host-specific, pathogenic fungus that parasitizes winged waterprimrose [Jussiaea decurrens(Walt.) DC.] is endemic in the rice growing region of Arkansas. The fungus was isolated and identified asColletotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz.) Sacc. f.sp. jussiaeae(CGJ). It is highly specific for parasitism of winged waterprimrose and not parasitic on creeping waterprimrose (J. repensL. var.glabrescensKtze.), rice (Oryza sativaL.), soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.), or 4 other crops and 13 other weeds. The fungus was physiologically distinct from C.gloeosporioides(Penz.) Sacc. f. sp.aeschynomene(CGA), an endemic anthracnose pathogen of northern jointvetch[Aeschynomene virginica(L.) B.S.P.], as indicated by cross inoculations of both weeds. Culture in the laboratory and inoculation of winged waterprimrose in greenhouse, growth chamber and field experiments indicated that the pathogen was stable, specific, and virulent in a wide range of environments. The pathogen yielded large quantities of spores in liquid culture. It is suitable for control of winged waterprimrose. Winged waterprimrose and northern jointvetch were controlled in greenhouse and field tests by application of spore mixtures of CGJ and CGA at concentrations of 1 to 2 million spores/ml of each fungus in 94 L/ha of water; the fungi did not damage rice or nontarget crops.

scholarly journals Cinnamon Oil Inhibits Penicillium expansum Growth by Disturbing the Carbohydrate Metabolic Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Tongfei Lai ◽  
Yangying Sun ◽  
Yaoyao Liu ◽  
Ran Li ◽  
Yuanzhi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Metabolic Process ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Cinnamon Oil ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Regulatory Enzymes ◽  
Expression Of Genes

Penicillium expansum is a major postharvest pathogen that mainly threatens the global pome fruit industry and causes great economic losses annually. In the present study, the antifungal effects and potential mechanism of cinnamon oil against P. expansum were investigated. Results indicated that 0.25 mg L−1 cinnamon oil could efficiently inhibit the spore germination, conidial production, mycelial accumulation, and expansion of P. expansum. In addition, it could effectively control blue mold rots induced by P. expansum in apples. Cinnamon oil could also reduce the expression of genes involved in patulin biosynthesis. Through a proteomic quantitative analysis, a total of 146 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) involved in the carbohydrate metabolic process, most of which were down-regulated, were noticed for their large number and functional significance. Meanwhile, the expressions of 14 candidate genes corresponding to DEPs and the activities of six key regulatory enzymes (involving in cellulose hydrolyzation, Krebs circle, glycolysis, and pentose phosphate pathway) showed a similar trend in protein levels. In addition, extracellular carbohydrate consumption, intracellular carbohydrate accumulation, and ATP production of P. expansum under cinnamon oil stress were significantly decreased. Basing on the correlated and mutually authenticated results, we speculated that disturbing the fungal carbohydrate metabolic process would be partly responsible for the inhibitory effects of cinnamon oil on P. expansum growth. The findings would provide new insights into the antimicrobial mode of cinnamon oil.

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