scholarly journals Variability in production of extracellular enzymes by different fungi isolated from rotten pear, peach and grape fruits

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shazia Parveen ◽  
Abdul Hamid Wani ◽  
Mohd Yaqub Bhat ◽  
Jahangir Abdullah Koka ◽  
Mohammad Afaan Fazili
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Enzymatic Production ◽  
Alternaria Sp ◽  
Almost All

Fifteen fungal pathogens, viz. Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium expansum, Monilinia fructigena, Trichothecium roseum, Cladosporium herbarum, Aspergillus niger, Coprinus psychromorbidus, Alternaria alternaria, Phytophthora palmivora, Pythium sp., Fusarium solani, Alternaria sp., Monilinia sp., Guignardia bidwellii and Rhizopus stolonifer isolated from rotted fruits were evaluted for the production of different enzyme on solid culture media. All the isolates produced enzymes on the media used, 87.67% of the isolated fungi were found to produce amylases, 80.00% of the fungi produced lipases, 73.33% produced proteases, cellulases by 66.67% and pectinases by 60.00%. The array of enzymes produced differs between different fungi. Penicillium sp., Alternaria alternata, Rhizopus stolonifer and Alternaria sp. were found to produce all the tested enzymes on culture media. These pathogens are known to attack almost all the plants, fruits, vegetables and cause many diseases. The differences in the enzymatic production of different fungal pathogens represent their virulence and specificity in causing different fruit rot diseases.

scholarly journals Fumigation of Fruit with Short-Chain Organic Acids to Reduce the Potential of Postharvest Decay

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 689-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Sholberg
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Postharvest Decay ◽  
Fruit Decay

Vapors of acetic (1.9 or 2.5 μl/liter), formic (1.2 μl/liter), and propionic (2.5 μl/liter) acids were tested for postharvest decay control on 8 cherry, 14 pome, and 3 citrus fruit cultivars. Surfacesterilized fruit were inoculated with known fungal pathogens by drying 20-μl drops of spore suspension on marked locations on each fruit, placing at 10°C to equilibrate for approximately 24 h, and fumigating by evaporating the above acids in 12.7-liter airtight fumigation chambers for 30 min. Immediately after fumigation, the fruit were removed, aerated, aseptically injured, and placed at 20°C until decay occurred. All three fumigants controlled Monilinia fructicola, Penicillium expansum, and Rhizopus stolonifer on cherry. Formic acid increased fruit pitting on six of eight cultivars and was the only organic acid to increase blackening of cherry stems when compared to the control. Decay of pome fruit caused by P. expansum was reduced from 98% to 16, 4, or 8% by acetic, formic, and propionic acids, respectively, without injury to the fruit. Decay of citrus fruit by P. digitatum was reduced from 86 to 11% by all three acids, although browning of the fruit peel was observed on grapefruit and oranges fumigated with formic acid.

scholarly journals Integrated management of causal agents of postharvest fruit rot of apple

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mila Grahovac ◽  
Dusanka Indjic ◽  
Brankica Tanovic ◽  
Sanja Lazic ◽  
Slavica Vukovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Apple Fruits

One of the major causes of poor quality and fruit loss (during storage and transport) are diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi. Economic losses which are the consequence of the phytopathogenic fungus activity after harvest exceed the losses in the field. The most important postharvest fungal pathogens of apple fruits are: Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr., Penicillium expansum (Lk.) Thom., Cryptosporiopsis curvispora (Peck.) Grem., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc., Monilinia sp., Gloeosporium album Osterw, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Cladosporium herbarium Link., Cylindrocarpon mali (Alles.) Wollenw., Stemphylium botryosum Wallr. The use of available protection technologies can significantly reduce losses caused by pathogens in storage. The concept of integrated pest management (IPM) in apple fruits i.e. sustainable approach in control of causal agents of postharvest fruit rot, using cultural, physical, biological and chemical measures, to minimize economic, health and risks to consumers and environment, is presented in the paper.

scholarly journals Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil from Asteriscus graveolens against Postharvest Phytopathogenic Fungi in Apples

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1100601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Znini ◽  
Gregory Cristofari ◽  
Lhou Majidi ◽  
Hamid Mazouz ◽  
Pierre Tomi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Antifungal Effect ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Alternaria Sp ◽  
Total Oil

The essential oils of the aerial parts of Asteriscus graveolens have been studied using GC and GC-MS. Twenty-eight compounds were identified in the essential oil amounting to 94.9% of the total oil. The aerial part oils showed similar chromatographic profiles and were characterized by having a high content of oxygenated sesquiterpenes with 6-oxocyclonerolidol (66.7% ±5.5) and 6-hydroxycyclonerolidol (8.8% ±1.2) as the major components. The antifungal effect of the essential oil from A. graveolens leaves was evaluated in vitro against three phytopathogenic fungi of apples ( Alternaria sp., Penicillium expansum, and Rhizopus stolonifer). The results suggest that this essential oil has fungicidal properties towards Alternaria sp. from direct contact assay at 0.2% (v/v) and to P. expansum from vapor assay tests at 80 μL.

The size of extracellular vesicles secreted by different types of stem cells

2018 ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
И.Б. Алчинова ◽  
М.В. Полякова ◽  
И.Н. Сабурина ◽  
М.Ю. Карганов
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Multipotent Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Rat Adipose Tissue ◽  
Almost All

Механизм терапевтического действия мультипотентных мезенхимных стволовых клеток (ММСК) на облученный организм в последнее время вызывает повышенный интерес исследователей. В качестве активного участника паракринного механизма реализации этого эффекта предлагают рассматривать внеклеточные везикулы, секретируемые практически всеми клетками живого организма. Цель работы: выделить и охарактеризовать внеклеточные везикулы, продуцируемые стволовыми клетками различной природы. Материалы и методы. Суспензии внеклеточных везикул, выделенных по модифицированному протоколу дифференциального центрифугирования из культуральных жидкостей от культур ММСК костного мозга человека 2-го пассажа и ММСК жировой ткани крысы 4-го пассажа, были проанализированы методом просвечивающей электронной микроскопии и методом анализа траекторий наночастиц. Результаты. Исследование показало наличие в обоих образцах микрочастиц размерами до и около 100 нм, однако процентное содержание частиц разных размеров в суспензии различалось для двух анализируемых типов клеток. Заключение. Полученные результаты могут свидетельствовать о специфике секреции, обусловленной клеточным типом. A mechanism of the therapeutic effect of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MMSC) on irradiated body has recently arisen much interest of researchers. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by almost all cells of a living organism were suggested to actively contribute to the paracrine mechanism of this effect. The aim of the study was isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles produced by various types of stem cells. Materials and methods. Suspensions of EVs were isolated from culture media of passage 2 human bone marrow-derived MMSC and passage 4 rat adipose tissue-derived MMSC using a modified protocol of differential centrifugation and then studied using transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Results. The study showed the presence of microparticles with a size of >100 nm in the examined samples. However, the percent content of particles with different sizes in the suspension was different in two analyzed types of cell culture. Conclusion. The study results might reflect a specificity of secretion determined by the cell type.

Diseases of the kumara crop

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 402-402
Author(s):  
S.L. Lewthwaite ◽  
P.J. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Ceratocystis Fimbriata ◽  
Pink Rot

The predominant diseases of the commercial kumara (Ipomoea batatas) or sweetpotato crop are caused by fungal pathogens The field disease pink rot results from infection by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Lesions form on vines but may spread down stems to the roots The widespread nature of this disease in sweetpotato appears peculiar to New Zealand Scurf is a disease caused by Monilochaetes infuscans which occurs in the field but may proliferate amongst stored roots The disease causes a superficial discolouration of the root surface which is mainly cosmetic but can also increase root water loss in storage Infection by Ceratocystis fimbriata produces a disease known as black rot The disease can be transmitted amongst plants at propagation but is particularly rampant amongst roots in storage This disease is readily transmitted and can cause severe economic loss Fusarium oxysporum causes surface rots in stored roots characterised by light to dark brown lesions that tend to be firm dry and superficial The lesions may be circular and centred on wounds caused by insects or mechanical damage at harvest Soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer generally occurs in roots after they are washed and prepared for the market Fungal infection occurs through wounds or bruised tissue producing distinctive tufts of white fungal strands and black spores

scholarly journals Characterization and optimization of extracellular enzymes production by Aspergillus niger strains isolated from date by-products

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reda Bellaouchi ◽  
Houssam Abouloifa ◽  
Yahya Rokni ◽  
Amina Hasnaoui ◽  
Nabil Ghabbour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Enzyme Expression ◽  
Specific Enzyme ◽  
Enzymatic Production ◽  
High Production Rate ◽  
High Production ◽  
Incubation Temperatures ◽  
By Products

Abstract Background This work aims to study the optimal conditions of the fermentation culture medium used for the production of extracellular enzymes (amylase, cellulase, lipase, and protease) from previously isolated Aspergillus niger strains in date by-products. Results The five most powerful isolates selected based on the zone of degradation formed on Petri plates by the substrate were subjected to the quantitative evaluation of their enzymatic production. All five strains showed almost similar API-ZYM profiles, with minor variations observed at the level of some specific enzyme expression. The production of cellulase and amylase was depending on pH and incubation temperatures. ASP2 strain demonstrated the high production rate of amylase (at pH 5 and 30 °C) and cellulase (at pH 6 and 30 °C) for 96 h of incubation. Conclusion The A. niger showed the ability to produce several extracellular enzymes and can be used in the valorization of different agroindustrial residues.

Rhizopus stolonifer. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Sarbhoy
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Artocarpus Integrifolia

Abstract A description is provided for Rhizopus stolonifer. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On fruits: papaya, plum, strawberry, sweet potato, cotton, groundnuts and in rhizosphere soil of various plants, soil and decaying leaves. DISEASE: Causing fruit rot of plum, Jak fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia[Artocarpus integer]), strawberry ('leak'), peach and a rot of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and cotton bolls. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: Air-borne and also by fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, associated with decaying fruit (RAM 43, 576).

scholarly journals Characterizing CMN1308, a Novel Strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, for Potential Biological Control Application

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
Xuehua ZHANG ◽  
Linling LI ◽  
Shuiyuan CHENG ◽  
Hua CHENG
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ◽  
Spatial Competition ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Antibiotic Compounds ◽  
Plant Disease Management

Fungal diseases of plants continue to contribute to heavy crop losses in spite of the best control efforts of plant pathologists. Breeding for disease-resistant varieties and the application of synthetic chemical fungicides are the most widely accepted approaches in plant disease management. CMN1308 strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was isolated from healthy Chinese chestnut fruit, which has antibiosis and induced resistance to the prevention mechanism of pathogenic bacterium after picking. In order to evaluate the antibiosis mechanism, CMN1308 was fostered with the method of confront culture. The antimicrobial components were also isolated from the culture of CMN1308, and their stability and antimicrobial activity was tested under different treatments such as temperature, pH and UV. The results showed that CMN1308 displays advantages in regard to spatial competition against the major pathogens of chestnut, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium solani, Stachybotrys chartarum, Cryphonectria parasitica, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Penicillium expansum and Aspergillus niger. Among this, CMN1308 had the best antimicrobial activity against P. expansum, with the inhibition zone diameter of 27.1 mm. The antimicrobial material isolated from CMN1308 culture showed a strong inhibition to the growth of P. expansum hyphal and also had a good stability to high temperature, alkali media and UV, but was sensitive to acidic conditions. Furthermore, CMN1308 increased the peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase activity and reduced the MDA content in chestnuts after infecting by pathogenic fungi. Thus, producing antibiotic compounds and inducible resistance are the main factors that may explain the antibacterial mechanism of CMN1308 on chestnut pathogenic. The results of this study might help to optimize the practical use of CMN1308 in the biological control of chestnut rot or other fruit rot infected by pathogenic fungi.

First report of Rhizopus stolonifer causing inflorescence and fruit rot of Rauvolfia serpentina in India

EPPO Bulletin ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Shukla ◽  
M. Alam ◽  
A. Sattar ◽  
H. N. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Rauvolfia Serpentina ◽  
First Report

Production and characterization of biomass and exopolysaccharides obtained in submerged culture under different initial pHs used in the cultivation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Rhizopus stolonifer

2020 ◽  
pp. 628
Author(s):  
Juan Diego Valenzuela Cobos ◽  
René Oscar Rodríguez-Grimón ◽  
Ana Grijalva-Endara ◽  
Raúl Marcillo-Vallejo ◽  
Onay Adonys Mercader-Camejo
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Submerged Culture ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Mycelial Biomass ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (GC003) and Rhizopus stolonifer (RS001) were cultivated in two different liquid culture media: LC1 (glucose 40 g L-1, yeast extract 3 g L-1 and tryptone peptone 2 g L-1) and LC2 (glucose 40 g L-1, yeast extract 3 g L-1 and tryptone peptone 10 g L-1) for the production of mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharides (EPS). By using the liquid culture (LC2) under pH of 4.5 presented the highest biomass content (15.73 g L-1) in the propagation of Rhizopus stolonifer. The highest production of exopolysaccharides (1.74 g L-1) was obtained by the liquid culture (LC2) under pH of 4.5 in the cultivation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The results presented that the production of biomass and exopolysaccharides (EPS) is directly related with the pHs values and the strain used in the cultivation.

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