scholarly journals Recent trends in employees’ earnings inequality in Portugal: A quantitative analysis between 1986 and 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-360
Author(s):  
Marta Simões ◽  
Adelaide Duarte ◽  
João Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycle ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Autoregressive Distributed Lag ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Negative Growth

This paper examines employees? earnings inequality in Portugal for 1986-2017 using data from the Personnel Records database. Our objective is twofold: (a) characterize earnings inequality by comparing representative distributions, before and after the great crisis; and (b) investigate the role played by the business cycle on the behaviour of earnings inequality by estimating Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ADL) models. To identify trends and variations along the trend in earnings inequality we use cardinal measures and the coefficient of variation. We inspect the characteristics of earnings distributions in terms of moments (mean and median) and polarization (using relative distributions analysis). The main findings are: (1) earnings inequality shows a positive trend (except during the great crisis); (2) polarization is present in every year, with lower polarisation prevailing over upper polarization, both evolving at different paces (very fast 1989-2002; slower pace 2002-2008; negative growth 2008-2017); (3) the business cycle relationship with earnings inequality is negative.

scholarly journals Human Capital Disparities and Earnings Inequality in The Portuguese Private Labour Market

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derick R. C. Almeida ◽  
João A. S. Andrade ◽  
Adelaide Duarte ◽  
Marta Simões
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Returns To Schooling ◽  
Education Inequality ◽  
Using Data

AbstractThis paper examines human capital inequality and how it relates to earnings inequality in Portugal using data from Quadros de Pessoal for the period 1986–2017. The objective is threefold: (i) show how the distribution of human capital has evolved over time; (ii) investigate the association between human capital inequality and earnings inequality; and (iii) analyse the role of returns to schooling, together with human capital inequality, in the explanation of earnings inequality. Our findings suggest that human capital inequality, computed based on the distribution of average years of schooling of employees working in the Portuguese private labour market, records a positive trend until 2007 and decreases from this year onwards, suggesting the existence of a Kuznets curve of education relating educational attainment levels and education inequality. Based on the decomposition of a Generalized Entropy index (Theil N) for earnings inequality, we observe that inequality in the distribution of human capital plays an important role in the explanation of earnings inequality, although this role has become less important over the last decade. Using Mincerian earnings regressions to estimate the returns to schooling together with the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition of real hourly earnings we confirm that there are two important forces associated with the observed decrease in earnings inequality: a reduction in education inequality and compressed returns to schooling, mainly in tertiary education.

scholarly journals Earnings inequality and the business cycle

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gadi Barlevy ◽  
Daniel Tsiddon
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycle ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
The Business Cycle

scholarly journals Effects of Agricultural, Manufacturing, and Mineral Exports on Angola’s Economic Growth

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Titus Isaiah Zayone ◽  
Shida Rastegari Henneberry ◽  
Riza Radmehr
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Dutch Disease ◽  
Ardl Model ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Autoregressive Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Using Data

This study investigates the effects of Angola’s agricultural, manufacturing, and mineral exports on the country’s economic growth using data from 1980 to 2017. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is employed to estimate the effect of sectoral exports on economic growth. The estimation results show that while exports from all three sectors (manufacturing, mineral, and non-mineral) have driven Angola’s economic growth in the long-run; only non-manufacturing (agricultural and mineral) exports have led its growth in the short-run. Moreover, growth in non-export GDP was driven by mineral exports in the long-run and agricultural exports in the short-run. Considering the statistically significant and positive impact of mineral exports on the Angolan GDP as well as on its non-export GDP, this study points to a lack of evidence supporting the Dutch disease phenomenon in Angola.

The Overall Effect of the Business Cycle on Crime

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn Bushway ◽  
Matthew Phillips ◽  
Philip J. Cook
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Business Cycles ◽  
Business Cycle ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Statistical Association ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
Using Data

Abstract This paper analyses the 13 business cycles since 1933 to provide evidence on the old question of whether recessions cause crime. Using data from the United States, we find that recessions are consistently associated with an uptick in burglary and robbery, and a reduction in theft of motor vehicles. There is no statistical association with homicide. These patterns are suggestive of the relative importance of the various channels by which economic conditions influence crime.

Defence Spending and Economic Growth in South Africa: Evidence from Cointegration and Co-Feature Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Shaaba Saba
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
Growth Series ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Autoregressive Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Defence Spending ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Business Cycle

Abstract The paper revisits the causality relationship between defence spending and economic growth for South Africa during the period 1960–2018. The results of our estimation show that defence spending and economic growth are cointegrated and that there is bidirectional Granger causality running between defence spending and economic growth in the long run. We then applied a Hodrick-Prescott filter to decompose the trend and the fluctuation components of the defence spending and economic growth series. The findings from the autoregressive distributed lag bounds test estimations show that in the long- and short-run, the trends and cyclicality of defence spending retard economic growth. The estimation results show that there is cointegration between the trends and the cyclical components of the two series, which suggests that the Granger causality possibly relates to the business cycle. This study suggests that investing more and reducing inefficiency spending in the defence sector during fluctuations can further stimulate economic growth in South Africa.

scholarly journals Policy, Institutions and Non-Oil Exports: Evidence from Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Martins Iyoboyi ◽  
Abdelrasaq Na-Allah
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Autoregressive Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
Oil Exports ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Oil Sector ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

<p>In this paper, the impact of policy and institutions on non-oil exports in Nigeria is investigated, using data from secondary sources for the period 1961-2012, and implemented through the autoregressive distributed lag framework. Non-oil exports were found to have a long-run equilibrium relationship with policy and institutional variables. Money supply and exchange rate were found to be positively associated with and statistically significant determinants of non-oil exports in the long and short run. Fiscal deficit, interest rate, ‘constraints on the executive’ and openness were found to be inversely related to non-oil exports in both the short and long run. While inflation was found to be negatively related to non-oil exports in the short run, it is the reverse in the long run. An enhanced political institutional framework is required, that is attuned to growth in the non-oil sector of the economy, as a mechanism for improving the country’s non-oil exports.</p>

scholarly journals Statistical analysis of business cycle fluctuations in Poland before and after the crisis

Equilibrium ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Lenart ◽  
Błażej Mazur ◽  
Mateusz Pipień
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycles ◽  
Business Cycle ◽  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Inference Method ◽  
Statistical Tools ◽  
Business Cycle Fluctuations ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
Polish Economy

The main objective of the paper is to investigate properties of business cycles in the Polish economy before and after the recent crisis. The essential issue addressed here is whether there is statistical evidence that the recent crisis has affected the properties of the business cycle fluctuations. In order to improve robustness of the results, we do not confine ourselves to any single inference method, but instead use different groups of statistical tools, including non-parametric methods based on subsampling and parametric Bayesian methods. We examine monthly series of industrial production (from January 1995 till December 2014), considering the properties of cycles in growth rates and in deviations from long-run trend. Empirical analysis is based on the sequence of expanding-window samples, with the shortest sample ending in December 2006. The main finding is that the two frequencies driving business cycle fluctuations in Poland correspond to cycles with periods of 2 and 3.5 years, and (perhaps surprisingly) the result holds both before and after the crisis. We, therefore, find no support for the claim that features (in particular frequencies) that characterize Polish business cycle fluctuations have changed after the recent crisis. The conclusion is unanimously supported by various statistical methods that are used in the paper, however, it is based on relatively short series of the data currently available.

scholarly journals Challenges with Estimating U Star in Real Time

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Tasci
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Business Cycle ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Natural Rate ◽  
Data Points ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
Using Data

Although the concept of the natural rate of employment, NAIRU, or “U star” is used to measure the amount of slack in the labor market, it is an unobservable quantity that must be estimated using data currently available. This Commentary investigates the degree to which our estimates of U star at various points in the current business cycle have changed as real-time data have been revised and as more data points have accumulated. I find that the availability of additional data has contributed to a significant change in our estimates of U star at earlier points in the business cycle, a result that suggests we might have been underestimating the level of labor market slack during some of the recent recovery period. In retrospect, our updated estimates of U star suggest labor markets were not as tight as we thought they were then.

scholarly journals The Determinants of Tourism Demand in Turkey

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4(J)) ◽  
pp. 90-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Musallam Abedtalas
Keyword(s):  
Added Value ◽  
Tourism Demand ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Autoregressive Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Ardl Approach ◽  
Tourist Flows ◽  
Effective Exchange ◽  
Using Data

Using data of the inbound tourist arrivals to Turkey from France, Germany, UK, US, and Netherlands over the period 1986-2012, we applied autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to test for cointegration, and we estimated long run model and error correction model for tourism demand. The results referred that the most significant factor determines inbound tourist flows are the real per capita income and real effective exchange. We found weak effects for price and financial crisis, but the political events played a strong role differed from country to other. The added value of this article is the estimation of international tourism demand in Turkey using new approach and the newest data for Turkey

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