scholarly journals Midazolam (dormicum®): Clinical practice guidelines

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Predrag Stevanovic
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Sedative Effect ◽  
Gamma Amino Butyric Acid ◽  
Respiratory Response ◽  
Benzodiazepine Antagonist ◽  
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Anesthesia Practice ◽  
Amino Butyric Acid ◽  
Anaesthesia Practice ◽  
Dose Dependent

Introduction. Three benzodiazepines are available for IV injection and are commonly used in anesthesia practice: diazepam, lorazepam, and midazolam. The last is the most frequently used in anaesthesia practice. Benzodiazepines induce amnesia and sedation secondary to potentiation of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA). Although sleep inducing doses of midazolam (0,2-0,4 mg/kg) may produce unconsciousness in one to three minutes it is commonly used for sedation and to ensure amnesia and premedication. The effects of midazolam on the cardiovascular system are minimal. Mild decreases in blood pressure and heart rate are indicative of its sedative effect. There have been reports of respiratory depression with diazepam, however this response is dose dependent and can be marked if concomitant doses of narcotics are used. Because of its potential for depressing respiration, especially if given with narcotics, the respiratory response of these patients needs to be monitored. Intravenous midazolam should be titrated to effect and the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil should be immediately available. .

scholarly journals Sedative-like effect of intraperitoneal GABA administration in the open field test

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 257-262
Author(s):  
Augusto Pascual Italo Gargiulo ◽  
Santiago Marquez Herrero ◽  
Esteban Romanowicz ◽  
Manuel Alejandro Guevara ◽  
Adriana Ines Landa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Sedative Effect ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Alternative Possibilities ◽  
Gamma Amino Butyric Acid ◽  
Amino Butyric Acid ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One

Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) is the main inhibitor neurotransmitter of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Its peripheral administration has been matter of discussion. On the one hand, it has been reported that it does not cross the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB), and, on the other hand, it has been associated with multiple therapeutic regimens and supplements by peripheral administration. The aim of the present study is to elucidate the possibility of a central sedative effect when administered peripherally. An experimental cohort of 90-day-old Holtzman male rats weighing 240-270 g was used. It was divided into 2 groups: saline-controls (n = 9) and GABA treated rats (12.5 mg/kg, n = 9). Both groups were intraperitoneally injected. The motor behavioral patterns displayed in the Opto Varimex (OVM) were studied. Vertical, horizontal, ambulatory and non-ambulatory movements and the number of movements were recorded in an automated way. Horizontal movements constitute the integration of ambulatory and non-ambulatory movements. Student t test was used comparing groups. In this experiment, there were non-significant downward trends in vertical, ambulatory, non-ambulatory and number of movements. Ambulatory and non-ambulatory tendencies acquired significance when treated together as horizontal movements (p < 0.05). We may conclude that peripheral administration of GABA produced a decrease of the horizontal movements in the open field test. It may be interpreted as a sedative effect, suggesting a passage of GABA through BBB, with central effects. However, there are several alternative possibilities to explain present findings. Other experiments will elucidate the implications or scope of the present findings.

Baclofen for spasticity

1973 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 63-64
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Pyramidal Tract ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Gamma Amino Butyric Acid ◽  
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Amino Butyric Acid ◽  
Similar Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neurotransmitter Substance

Baclofen (Lioresal - Ciba) is a chlorophenyl derivative of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) which occurs naturally in the brain and spinal cord and is probably an inhibitory neurotransmitter substance there. Since it has a similar inhibitory effect it has been tried in patients with muscle spasticity due to lesions in the pyramidal tract.

scholarly journals The Long and Winding Road to Gamma-Amino-Butyric Acid as Neurotransmitter

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Avoli ◽  
Krešimir Krnjević
Keyword(s):  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Gamma Amino Butyric Acid ◽  
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Amino Butyric Acid ◽  
Réseau Neuronal ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Comme Point ◽  
Central Synapses

AbstractThis review centers on the discoveries made during more than six decades of neuroscience research on the role of gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) as neurotransmitter. In doing so, special emphasis is directed to the significant involvement of Canadian scientists in these advances. Starting with the early studies that established GABA as an inhibitory neurotransmitter at central synapses, we summarize the results pointing at the GABA receptor as a drug target as well as more recent evidence showing that GABAA receptor signaling plays a surprisingly active role in neuronal network synchronization, both during development and in the adult brain. Finally, we briefly address the involvement of GABA in neurological conditions that encompass epileptic disorders and mental retardation.RESUMÉ: Le chemin long et sinueux pour que le GABA soit reconnu comme un neurotransmetteur. Cette revue est axée sur les découvertes réalisées durant plus de six décennies de recherche en neurosciences sur l’acide gamma-aminobutyrique (GABA) comme neurotransmetteur. À cet effet, nous mettons une emphase particulière sur le rôle significatif de chercheurs canadiens dans ce domaine de recherche. En prenant comme point de départ les premières études qui ont établi que le GABA était un neurotransmetteur au niveau de synapses centrales, nous faisons le sommaire des résultats identifiant le récepteur GABA comme étant une cible thérapeutique ainsi que des données plus récentes montrant que la signalisation du récepteur GABAA joue, de façon surprenante, un rôle actif dans la synchronisation du réseau neuronal, tant au cours du développement que dans le cerveau adulte. Finalement, nous traitons brièvement du rôle de GABA dans les maladies neurologiques incluant les troubles épileptiques et l’arriération mentale.

Vasorelaxant and Antihypertensive Effects of Mentha pulegium L. in Rats: An in vitro and in vivo Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Ajebli ◽  
Mohamed Eddouks
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Acute Experiment ◽  
Antihypertensive Activity ◽  
Mentha Pulegium ◽  
In Vitro Experiment ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Ca2 Channels

Aims and objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of aqueous aerial part extract of Mentha pulegium L. (Pennyrile) (MPAE) on arterial pressure parameters in rats. Background: Mentha pulegium is a medicinal plant used to treat hypertension in Morocco. Material and methods: In the current study, MPAE was prepared and its antihypertensive activity was pharmacologically investigated. L-NAME-hypertensive and normotensive rats have received orally MPAE (180 and 300 mg/kg) during six hours for the acute experiment and during seven days for the sub-chronic treatment. Thereafter, systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were evaluated. While, in the in vitro experiment, isolated denuded and intact thoracic aortic rings were suspended in a tissue bath system and the tension changes were recorded. Results: A fall in blood pressure was observed in L-NAME-induced hypertensive treated with MPAE. The extract also produced a dose-dependent relaxation of aorta pre-contracted with NE and KCl. The study showed that the vasorelaxant ability of MPAE seems to be exerted through the blockage of extracellular Ca2+ entry. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that the extract of pennyrile exhibits antihypertensive activity. In addition, the effect may be, at least in part, due to dilation of blood vessels via blockage of Ca2+ channels.

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