scholarly journals Epidemiological characteristics of salmoneilosis in Vojvodina

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 136-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Petrovic ◽  
Slavica Stefanovic ◽  
Predrag Djuric
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Case Fatality Ratio ◽  
Epidemiological Method ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Egg Products ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Annual Mortality

Introduction Salmonella infections are the most common food-born diseases transmitted from animals to humans. Epidemics of salmonellosis occur after eating improperly cooked contaminated foods. Material and methods A descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze epidemiological characteristics of salmonellosis in Vojvodina in the period 1978-2003. Results During this period there were 26 851 cases of salmonellosis (mean annual incidence of 51.1/100 000 and mean annual mortality of 0.9/100 000). Mean annual case fatality ratio during this period was 0.1%. The specific incidence was highest in 12-24 month-old children (251/100 000), and lowest in the oldest age group (13.9/100 000). Lethality was highest in children younger than 1 year, and persons older than 50 years (84%). The number of cases registered in food-born epidemics makes 41.7% of all registered cases. A mayority of 772 registered epidemics were small epidemics among families, relatives and friends. The great epidemics with large number of infected persons were due to an industrial bakery with 1713 ill persons and a public restaurant with 311 ill persons during the 80 's. An epidemic was due to sandwiches from an industrial bakery distributed through the whole territory of Vojvodina with the highest incidence of salmonellosis in 1987 (137.7/100 000). The most common serotype was S. enteritidis (69.7%), but 68 more serotypes were isolated. The most common cause of epidemics were eggs and egg products (76.2%). Salmonella spp. was isolated from food in small number of epidemics (less than 20%), because epidemics were discovered usually 2 or 3 days after their beginning. .

scholarly journals Epidemiological characteristics of tetanus in Vojvodina

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 551-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Petrovic ◽  
Zorica Seguljev ◽  
Mladen Petrovic ◽  
Svetlana Ilic
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Age Group ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Average Case ◽  
Limb Injuries ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Introduction. Vojvodina is an endemic area for tetanus. Material and Methods. Epidemiological characteristics of tetanus were analyzed based on registered cases of disease and death in the period 1960 - 2004, and epidemiological investigation of 50 registered cases during the last 10 years of this period. Epidemiological characteristics were analyzed chronologically, demographically and topographically. Results and Discussion. During the period of observation, the incidence rate of tetanus declined steadily. Due to immunization and extremely high coverage, tetanus has been practically eliminated in the age group of younger than 29 years. Neonatal tetanus and tetanus in the age group 30-59 years has been reduced to individual cases. Today, tetanus is a problem of the elderly population. Tetanus deaths occur statistically more often among persons older than 66 years. The average case fatality rate during the period of observation was 33.1%. The vaccination history in the majority of investigated cases was unknown (52%) or they have never been vaccinated (28%) because they were mainly elderly people born before introduction of mandatory immunization. Tetanus most often occurs after minor wounds, because of which patients do not seek medical attention. In the majority of cases tetanus occurred after limb injuries. Conclusion. Tetanus in Vojvodina is a problem among immunized elderly people. It mostly occurs after minor injuries or after contamination of chronic skin lesions. Mandatory vaccination of older age groups should contribute to further reduction in the incidence rate of tetanus. .

scholarly journals Incidence and Case-Fatality Ratio of COVID-19 infection in relation to Tobacco Smoking, Population Density and Age Demographics in the USA: could Particulate Matter derived from Tobacco Smoking act as a Vector for COVID-19 transmission?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Muscat Baron
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The State ◽  
Smoking Ban ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Case Fatality Ratio ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Usa

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDTobacco smoking is known to increase the risk for bacterial and viral respiratory infections and this also applies to second-hand smoking. Smoking has been shown to increase the severity of COVID-19 infection and the consequent risk for intra-tracheal ventilation in smokers. Tobacco smoking exposes the user and nearby individuals to very high concentrations of particulate matter in a short period of time. Genes appertaining to COVID-19 have been found adherent to particulate matter. Particulate matter has been shown to travel beyond the social distance of 2 metres up to 10 metres. COVID-19 related mortality has been linked to elevated atmospheric levels of the particulate matter, PM2.5. The aim of the study was to observe the incidence of infection rate and case fatality ratios in the USA, comparing States with partial bans on tobacco smoking, to States with more restrictive smoking regulation, exploring a possible link between smoke-related particulate matter and COVID-19 transmission.METHODOLOGYTwo groups of USA States, differentiated by the degree of smoking legislative restrictions, had a number of variables compared. The incidence of COVID-19 infection, case-fatality ratio and testing frequency were obtained from the John Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Centre. The degree of smoking bans in the USA States was obtained from the websites of the Nonsmokers Rights Foundation. The percentage of the State population which smokes was collected from the Centres of Disease Control database. Population density, Body Mass Index and population percentages of individuals 65+/75+years were obtained from databases concerning USA demographics.RESULTSWith the available data there was no significant difference in COVID-19 testing prevalence between the partial smoking ban group and the more restrictive regulated group. The incidence of COVID-19 infection in the States with limited bans on tobacco smoking was 2046/100,000 (sd+/-827) while the infection incidence in States with more restrictive rulings on tobacco smoking was 1660/100,000 (sd+/-686) (p<0.038). The population percentage of smokers in States with minor limitations to smoking was 18.3% (sd+/-3.28), while States with greater smoking restrictions had a smoking population percentage of 15.2% (sd+/-2.68) (p<0.0006).The two populations of both groups did not differ numerically (p<0.24) and numbered 157,820,000 in the partial smoking ban group and 161,439,356 in the more restrictive group. Population density correlated significantly with the case-fatality ratio (R=0.66 p<0.0001), as did the 75+year age group (R=0.29 p<0.04). Reflecting the possibility of trans-border transmission, the smoking status of adjacent partial smoking ban States may influence the COVID-19 incidence of bordering States (e.g. Utah) even if the smoking regulations of the latter were stricter than the former.Other factors that could impact the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA such as the State case-fatality ratio, population density, population percentage with elevated body mass index and the percentage of the state population aged 65years or above did not show any significant difference between both groups of States.CONCLUSIONStates in the USA with high levels of tobacco smoking and limited regulation had significantly higher rates of COVID-19 infection incidences than States with greater smoking restrictions. Population density and the age group of 75+years, showed a positive significant correlation with the case-fatality ratio. Besides the adverse effects of tobacco smoking on pulmonary defences, it would be interesting to explore the possibility of infection transmission via coronavirus-laden particulate matter from exhaled fumes derived from tobacco smoking.

scholarly journals Age Pattern of Premature Mortality under varying scenarios of COVID-19 Infection in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay K Mohanty ◽  
Umakanta Sahoo ◽  
Udaya S Mishra ◽  
Manisha Dubey
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Case Fatality Ratio ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Community Infection

AbstractBackgroundIndia is vulnerable to community infection of COVID-19 due to crowded and poor living condition, high density, slums in urban areas and poor health care system. The number of COVID 19 infection has crossed 300,000 with over 7,500 deaths despite a prolonged period of lock down and restrictions in public spaces. Given the likely scale and magnitude of this pandemic, it is important to understand its impact on the age pattern of mortality under varying scenarios.ObjectiveThe main objective of this paper is to understand the age pattern of mortality under varying scenarios of community infection.Data and MethodsData from the Sample Registration System (SRS), covidi19india.org and country specific data from worldmeter is used in the analyses. Descriptive statistics, case-fatality ratio, case fatality ratio with 14 days delay, abridged life table,years of potential life lost (YPLL) and disability adjusted life years (DALY) is used.ResultsThe case fatality ratio (CFR) with 14 days delay for India is at least twice higher (8.0) than CFR of 3.4. Considering 8% mortality rate and varying scenario of community infection by 0.5%, 1% and 2%, India’s life expectancy will reduce by 0.8, 1.5 and 3.0 years and potential life years lost by 12.1 million, 24.3 million and 48.6 million years respectively. A community infection of 0.5% may result in DALY by 6.2 per 1000 population. Major share of PYLL and DALY is accounted by the working ages.ConclusionCOVID-19 has a visible impact on mortality with loss of productive life years in working ages. Sustained effort at containing the transmission at each administrative unit is recommended to arrest mortality owing to COVID-19 pandemic.What is known?The case fatality rate associated with COVID-19 is low in India compared to many other countries. The mortality level is higher among elderly and people with co-morbidity.ContributionThe case fatality ratio is illusive in the sense that the same with 14 days delay for India is at least twice higher (8.0). The COVID-19 attributable mortality has the potential to reduce the longevity of the population. Unlike developed countries, about half of the COVID-19 attributable mortality would be in the working age group of 45-64 years. With any level of community infection, the years of potential life lost (YPLL) and disability adjusted life years (DALY) world be highest in the working age group (45-64 years).

scholarly journals COVID-19-Associated Case Fatality Rate in Subjects Under 18 Years Old in Mexico, up to December 31, 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efraín Navarro-Olivos ◽  
Nicolás Padilla-Raygoza ◽  
Gilberto Flores-Vargas ◽  
María de Jesús Gallardo-Luna ◽  
Ma Guadalupe León-Verdín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
The Other ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Case Fatality Ratio ◽  
The Impact

Background: The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 have become a global health crisis. The infection has been present in all the social sectors. Subjects under 18 years are one of them. The objective was to analyze the case fatality ratio of COVID-19 cases in the Mexican population under 18 years of age registered in the National Epidemiological Surveillance System from March 2020 to December 31, 2020.Material and Methods: The design is cross-sectional, quantitative, and analytical. All the suspected cases of respiratory viral disease, with a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test result, aged from 0 to 17 years, were included. Descriptive statistics are presented for all the variables. Epidemiological curves were designed. The chi-squared test and its P-values were obtained to show the relationship between comorbidities and death. The case fatality ratio was computed for each comorbidity, sex, and age group. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to study the effect between comorbidities with the fatality of cases, adjusting for sex and age group as potential confounders. The alpha value was fixed to 0.05 to assess significance.Results: The number of records for this study was 167,856. Among them, 48,505 were from SARS-CoV-2-positive patients (28.90%), and 119,351 (71.10%) were negative. Of those who died, males (55.29%) (P &lt; 0.05) and those under 2 years of age (50.35%) (P &lt; 0.05) predominated. Unlike in older populations, from the comorbidities considered risk factors for death by COVID-19, only immunosuppression showed a statistically significant effect on the fatality of cases after adjustment by the other related variables. Sex and age group were not confounders for the models in those under 18 years old. Pneumonia, being younger than 5 years, and immunosuppression are related to death.Conclusion: The case fatality ratio in those under 18 years old is low. Special attention must be paid to those children under 5 years. The development of pneumonia is a warning indicator while treating them. On the other hand, having an open database of cases allows the researchers to analyze the impact of COVID-19 in different population sectors, which has clear benefits for public health.

A Note on Estimating the Case Fatality Ratio for Novel Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19)

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prafulla Kumar Swain
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Case Fatality Ratio ◽  
Healthcare Planning ◽  
Robust Estimates ◽  
University Of Oxford ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Death Cases

Background: In this paper an attempt has been made to estimate the Case Fatality Ratio (CFR) for coronavirus disease of India and few selected countries. and Also, highlighted the pros and cons of obtaining crude and adjusted CFR of COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: Data extracted from WHO situation report and University of Oxford website have been used for this analysis. The CFR and its 95% confidence interval were computed, trend and bar plot was used for graphical representation. Results: The worldwide crude CFR stands 6.73% (95% CI 6.69 to 6.76) based on 21, 83, 877 confirmed and 1,46,872 death cases(as on 17th April,2020). Belgium was highest CFR 13.95% as compared to others. However, India’s CFR was found to be around 3.26% (as on 17th April, 2020). Conclusion: In conclusion, the estimation and interpretation of CFR is critical in response to ongoing COVID-19. The initial CFR estimates are subject to change, still it is useful for healthcare planning over the coming months. Moreover, the precise and robust estimates of CFR will be available only at the end of the epidemic.

Covid-19 Cases in India: A Visual Exploratory Data Analysis Model (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayesh S
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Data Analysis ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Case Fatality Ratio ◽  
First Case ◽  
Exploratory Data ◽  
The Government

UNSTRUCTURED Covid-19 outbreak was first reported in Wuhan, China. The deadly virus spread not just the disease, but fear around the globe. On January 2020, WHO declared COVID-19 as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). First case of Covid-19 in India was reported on January 30, 2020. By the time, India was prepared in fighting against the virus. India has taken various measures to tackle the situation. In this paper, an exploratory data analysis of Covid-19 cases in India is carried out. Data namely number of cases, testing done, Case Fatality ratio, Number of deaths, change in visits stringency index and measures taken by the government is used for modelling and visual exploratory data analysis.

scholarly journals Correlates of SARS-CoV-2 Variants on Deaths, Case Incidence and Case Fatality Ratio among the Continents for the Period of 1 December 2020 to 15 March 2021

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1061
Author(s):  
Wajdy J. Al-Awaida ◽  
Baker Jawabrah Al Hourani ◽  
Samer Swedan ◽  
Refat Nimer ◽  
Foad Alzoughool ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Reference Sequence ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Case Fatality Ratio ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has quickly developed into a worldwide pandemic. Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome may affect various aspects of the disease including fatality ratio. In this study, 553,518 SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences isolated from patients from continents for the period 1 December 2020 to 15 March 2021 were comprehensively analyzed and a total of 82 mutations were identified concerning the reference sequence. In addition, associations between the mutations and the case fatality ratio (CFR), cases per million and deaths per million, were examined. The mutations having the highest frequencies among different continents were Spike_D614G and NSP12_P323L. Among the identified mutations, NSP2_T153M, NSP14_I42V and Spike_L18F mutations showed a positive correlation to CFR. While the NSP13_Y541C, NSP3_T73I and NSP3_Q180H mutations demonstrated a negative correlation to CFR. The Spike_D614G and NSP12_P323L mutations showed a positive correlation to deaths per million. The NSP3_T1198K, NS8_L84S and NSP12_A97V mutations showed a significant negative correlation to deaths per million. The NSP12_P323L and Spike_D614G mutations showed a positive correlation to the number of cases per million. In contrast, NS8_L84S and NSP12_A97V mutations showed a negative correlation to the number of cases per million. In addition, among the identified clades, none showed a significant correlation to CFR. The G, GR, GV, S clades showed a significant positive correlation to deaths per million. The GR and S clades showed a positive correlation to number of cases per million. The clades having the highest frequencies among continents were G, followed by GH and GR. These findings should be taken into consideration during epidemiological surveys of the virus and vaccine development.

scholarly journals Clinical Profile of Acute Poisoning in Children at a Teaching Hospital in Lalitpur

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajaya Kumar Dhakal ◽  
D Shrestha ◽  
A Shakya ◽  
SC Shah ◽  
H Shakya
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Poisoning In Children

Introduction: Acute poisonings are one of the common cause of emergency visits and hospital admissions and is potentially preventable cause of childhood mortality and morbidity. The objectives of this study were to identify the common type of poisoning in children, to determine types of poisoning according to age and to find out the common age group in which the incidence of poisoning was high.Materials and Methods: It was a descriptive observational study done in a teaching hospital in Lalitpur, Nepal in patients aged 1 month to 18 years who visited the emergency department and were admitted to hospital with history of alleged poisoning from 2009 July to 2014 January.Results: Fifty patients were included. Drugs, kerosene and organophosphorus were most common cause of poisoning. Drugs and kerosene below 10 years of age and organophosphorus and drugs above 10 years of age were common types of poisoning. Maximum numbers (50%) of children with poisoning cases were below five year of age. Mean duration of hospital stay was 2.1days and mean age of poisoning was 7.8 years with a male(54%) predominance. Majority of poisoning occurred at home (84%) and 68% of patients were symptomatic at presentation to hospital with 84% of patients presenting to hospital within six hours.Conclusion: This study showed that drugs, kerosene and organophosphorus were most common forms of poisoning. Young children were most vulnerable for acute poisoning.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v34i2.10139J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2014;34(2):100-103 

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