scholarly journals Transesterification of linoleic and oleic sunflower oils to biodiesel using CaO as a solid base catalyst

2012 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 815-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zlatica Predojevic ◽  
Biljana Skrbic ◽  
Natasa Djurisic-Mladenovic
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Value ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Reaction Parameters ◽  
Sunflower Oils ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The purpose of this work is to characterize biodiesel (i.e. methyl esters, MEs) produced from linoleic and oleic sunflower oils (LSO and OSO, respectively) by alkali transesterification with methanol and CaO as a heterogeneous catalyst under different reaction parameters. The parameters investigated were the methanol/oil molar ratio (4.5:1, 6:1, 7.5:1, 9:1 and 12:1) and the mass ratio of CaO to oil (2% and 3%). The physical and chemical properties of the feedstocks and MEs, like density at 15oC, kinematic viscosity at 40oC, acid value, iodine value, saponification value, cetane index, fatty acid (methyl ester) composition, were determined in order to investigate the effects of LSO and OSO properties and reaction parameters on the product characteristics, yields and purity. The properties of feedstock had decisive effect on the physical and chemical properties of MEs as majority of them did not differ significantly under studied reaction conditions. The MEs produced generally met the criteria required for commercial biodiesel; in fact, the only exception was in the case of iodine value of ME produced from LSO. The product yields only slightly changed with the applied conditions; the highest yield (99.22%) was obtained for ME-LSO produced at 6 mol% methanol to oil ratio, while the lowest one (93.20%) was for ME-OSO produced under the lowest methanol/oil molar ratio (4.5:1). The applied catalyst amounts had similar influence on the oil conversion to biodiesel. The yields of ME-LSOs were in general somewhat higher than those obtained for ME-OSOs under the same conditions, which was attributed to the influence of the respective feedstocks' acid value and viscosity.

scholarly journals Alkali-catalyzed production of biodiesel from waste frying oils

2009 ◽  
Vol 74 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 993-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zlatica Predojevic ◽  
Biljana Skrbic
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Reaction Parameters ◽  
Waste Frying Oil ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The effects of the transesterification parameters on the yield and quality of the methyl esters (MEs) produced from waste frying oil (WFO) were investigated. A two-step alkali transesterification reaction followed by silica gel purification step was applied. The investigated reaction parameters were the methanol/oil molar ratio (6:1 and 9:1), the catalyst/oil weight ratio (1.0 and 1.5 mass %) and the type of catalyst (NaOH and KOH). The physical and chemical properties of the employed feedstock and the obtained biodiesel were determined in order to investigate the effects of both the properties of the WFO and the reaction parameters on the characteristics and yields of the product. It was found that the properties of the feedstock had a determinant effect on the physical and chemical properties of the MEs, as the majority of them did not differ significantly under the studied reaction parameters. However, the reaction parameters influenced the yields of the product. Higher yields were obtained with a 1.0 than with a 1.5 mass % catalyst to oil ratio. The increasing yield with decreasing catalyst/oil ratio was more pronounced with NaOH (9.15-14.35 %) than with KOH (2.84-6.45 %). When KOH was used as the catalyst, the yields were always higher (the mean yield was 94.86 %) in comparison to those obtained with NaOH (the mean was 84.28 %). Furthermore, the efficiency of KOH in conversion of WFO to purified MEs in comparison to NaOH was even more pronounced in the case of the higher methanol/oil ratio, i.e., for the 9:1 methanol/ oil ratio, the yield increase with KOH was about 2 times higher than the yield with NaOH, regardless of the applied catalyst/oil ratio.

Vegetable oils – raw materials for producing biodiesel

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-292
Author(s):  
T. Mamilov ◽  
◽  
G.S. Aitkaliyeva ◽  
A.B. Ismailova ◽  
M.A. Yelubay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Sunflower Oils ◽  
Transesterification Method ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

This paper presents the results of a study of the physical and chemical properties of samples of vegetable oils (sunflower, rapeseed, olive). It has been shown that the viscosity of oils varies from 41.4 to 61.7 cSt at a temperature of 40 ° C for olive and sunflower oils, respectively. The acid numbers of the oil samples were also determined, it was found that the lowest indicator is characteristic of sunflower oil. Pour points of oils also range from -3 to -16 ° C for olive and sunflower oils, respectively. Using the method of IR spectroscopy, functional groups in the composition of samples of vegetable oils were studied and it was shown that the composition of oils contains carbonyl and hydroxyl functional groups, indicating the presence of carboxylic acids. Based on studies of the physical and chemical properties of vegetable oils, it was found that sunflower, olive and rapeseed oils can serve as raw materials for the synthesis of biofuels based on them, since they contain free fatty acids. To obtain biodiesel fuel based on vegetable oils, it is planned to use the transesterification method in the presence of various catalysts (alkaline, acidic, and complex).

scholarly journals Physical and chemical properties of tigernut oil as influenced by variety and method of extraction

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
Afuape Zainab Oluwakemi ◽  
Oke Emmanuel Kehinde ◽  
Idowu Michael Ayodele ◽  
Olorode Omobolanle Omowunmi ◽  
Omoniyi Saheed Adewale
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Smoke Point ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Method Of Extraction ◽  
Range Of Values ◽  
And Chemical Properties

This study was carried out to investigate the physical and chemical properties of tigernut oil as influenced by variety and methods of extraction. Oil was extracted from yellow and brown varieties of tigernut using mechanical screw press and N-hexane, and it was characterized for physical and chemical composition. The moisture content, acid value, free fatty acid, iodine value, saponification value and peroxide value for tigernut oil from extraction methods ranged from 2.97 to 3.30%, 0.28 to 0.56mgKOH/g, 0.55 to 1.12g/100g, 66.11 to 69.75gI/100g, 174.93 to 210.06mgKOHg and 0.27 to 0.56MgH2O2, respectively. The range of values for specific gravity, percentage impurity, cloud point, smoke point and melting point are: 0.64 to 0.99g/ml, 0.15 to 0.24%, 9.00 to 25.5°C, 170.5 to 204.5°C and 18.0 to 28.5°C, respectively. However, the study showed that both the physical and chemical composition of tigernut oil were affected by the extraction methods used in this study.

scholarly journals The improved photostability of naproxen in the inclusion complex with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snezana Ilic-Stojanovic ◽  
Vesna Nikolic ◽  
Ljubisa Nikolic ◽  
Aleksandar Zdravkovic ◽  
Agnes Kapor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Complex ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Molecular Inclusion ◽  
Co Precipitation ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The aim of this work was the preparation of the inclusion complex of naproxen with 2-hydroxypropyl-?-cyclodextrin (HP-?-CD) in order to improve the physical and chemical properties of naproxen. The molecular inclusion complexes of naproxen with HP-?-CD were prepared by using the co-precipitation method in the solid state with the molar ratio of 1:1. The structure of the obtained complex was characterized by using FTIR, 1H NMR, UV-Vis and XRD methods. The testing of naproxen photostability by the UV-Vis method indicated the degradation to aromatic ketone, 2-acetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene. FTIR analysis showed that the degradation started 15 days after the exposure of naproxen to daylight while the inclusion complex of naproxen: 2-hydroxypropyl-?-cyclodextrin was photostable for a period of 30 days.

Statistical criteria of stellar population types

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
W. Iwanowska
Keyword(s):  
Stellar Population ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Spectrophotometric Study ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Population Type ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Distribution Parameters ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Statistical Criteria ◽  
And Chemical Properties

In connection with the spectrophotometric study of population-type characteristics of various kinds of stars, a statistical analysis of kinematical and distribution parameters of the same stars is performed at the Toruń Observatory. This has a twofold purpose: first, to provide a practical guide in selecting stars for observing programmes, second, to contribute to the understanding of relations existing between the physical and chemical properties of stars and their kinematics and distribution in the Galaxy.

Response of corn (Zea mays L.) to various organic-based fertilizers in marginal upland of Sta. Rita, Samar

2017 ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Berta Ratilla ◽  
Loreme Cagande ◽  
Othello Capuno
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Total N ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Organic farming is one of the management strategies that improve productivity of marginal uplands. The study aimed to: (1) evaluate effects of various organic-based fertilizers on the growth and yield of corn; (2) determine the appropriate combination for optimum yield; and (3) assess changes on the soil physical and chemical properties. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design, with 3 replications and 7 treatments, namely; T0=(0-0-0); T1=1t ha-1 Evans + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1; T2=t ha-1 Wellgrow + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1; T3=15t ha-1 chicken dung; T4=10t ha-1 chicken dung + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1; T5=15t ha-1 Vermicast; and T6=10t ha-1 Vermicast + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1. Application of organic-based fertilizers with or without inorganic fertilizers promoted growth of corn than the control. But due to high infestation of corn silk beetle(Monolepta bifasciata Horns), its grain yield was greatly affected. In the second cropping, except for Evans, any of these fertilizers applied alone or combined with 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1 appeared appropriate in increasing corn earyield. Soil physical and chemical properties changed with addition of organic fertilizers. While bulk density decreased irrespective of treatments, pH, total N, available P and exchangeable K generally increased more with chicken dung application.

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