scholarly journals Effectiveness of granular matrix sensors in different irrigation treatments and installation depths

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Markovic ◽  
Marko Josipovic ◽  
Jasna Sostaric ◽  
Vladimir Zebec ◽  
Irena Rapcan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Granular Matrix

Continuous monitoring of soil moisture content plays a key role in irrigation scheduling and yield formation. This study was conducted to derive the technique and efficiency of application of granular matrix sensors (GMSs) in a sprinkler irrigation system of maize (Zea mays L.). Two irrigation (a2 = 60%- 100% of field capacity (FC), a3 = 80%-100% of FC) treatments were imposed during two growing seasons (2010, 2012) and compared with rainfed control plots (a1). GMSs are used as an indirect method for monitoring soil water status at two depths (b1 = 15 cm and b2 = 30 cm) in order to make a decision on when to irrigate. The sensors used in this study were calibrated using a mass-based gravimetric method. In both growing seasons, irrigation treatment and installation depths have a significant influence (P<0.01) on soil water content. Sensors have shown a satisfactory response to wetting and drying periods in irrigation scheduling at 30-cm depth. Yet, due to variability of weather conditions, a slow response to wetting and drying was recorded in periods with intensive rainfall events (2010) and drought conditions with frequent irrigation intervals (2012).

scholarly journals Review: Sensors for the improvement of irrigation efficiency in nurseries

Water SA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (3 July) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nkosinathi D Kaptein ◽  
Marnie E Light ◽  
Michael J Savage
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Automated Irrigation System

Traditional timer-based systems for irrigation management, which are more commonly used in commercial nurseries in South Africa, are not ideal as they may not irrigate seedlings efficiently. A sensor-based irrigation system is presented as an alternative, as this can provide several benefits to nurseries and nursery-grown seedlings. Small-sized soil water sensors that could fit in small-volume nursery containers (25 to 100 mL), and could be integrated into an automated irrigation system, are reviewed. Several experiments have been conducted internationally to measure soil water status of small-volume containers in soilless substrates, and a large body of knowledge is now available. In this review, we describe the principles of several currently commercially available sensors that can be adapted to this purpose, giving advantages and disadvantages of each type. We conclude that a sensor-based irrigation system has great potential to address the challenges associated with irrigation scheduling, while improving water usage in most nurseries.

scholarly journals Improved Irrigation Management of Sweet Orange with Huanglongbing

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 916-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Said A. Hamido ◽  
Kelly T. Morgan ◽  
Robert C. Ebel ◽  
Davie M. Kadyampakeni
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Area Index ◽  
The Impact

Because of the decline in production and negative economic effects, there is an urgent need for strategies to reduce the impact of Huanglongbing (HLB) on citrus [Citrus ×sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different irrigation schedules on total available soil water (TAW) and water uptake characteristics of citrus trees affected by HLB in central and southwest Florida. The study was initiated in Jan. 2014 for 2 years on 5-year-old sweet orange trees located in three commercial groves at Arcadia, Avon Park, and Immokalee, FL. Each grove had three irrigation scheduling treatments including the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) recommendations, Daily irrigation, and an Intermediate treatment. All groves received similar volumes of water per week based on evapotranspiration (ETo) reported by the Florida Automated Weather Network. Sap flow (SF) measurements were taken for two trees per treatment for at least 10 days per site (twice/year). During those periods, leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), and stem water potential (Ψ) were determined. Also, TAW was determined using drainage curve and capacitance soil moisture sensors installed at incremental soil depths of 0–15, 15–30, and 30–45 cm. Results showed significant differences in average SF, LAI, Ψ, and TAW measurements among treatments. Diurnal SF value under daily irrigation treatment increased by 91%, 51%, and 105% compared with UF/IFAS irrigation in Arcadia, Avon Park, and Immokalee, respectively. Soil water contents (WCs) under daily treatment increased by 59%, 59%, and 70% compared with UF/IFAS irrigation treatment in Arcadia, Avon Park, and Immokalee, respectively. Our results indicated that daily irrigation improved tree water dynamics compared with IFAS or Intermediate irrigation scheduling treatments and reduced tree stress with the same volume of water.

scholarly journals Soil Moisture Sensor Test with Mississippi Delta Soils

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-370
Author(s):  
Ruixiu Sui ◽  
Horace C. Pringle ◽  
Edward M. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Mississippi Delta ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling

Abstract. One of the methods for irrigation scheduling is to use sensors to measure the soil moisture level in the plant root zone and apply water if there is a water shortage for the plants. The measurement accuracy and reliability of the soil moisture sensors are critical for sensor-based irrigation management. This study evaluated the measurement accuracy and repeatability of the EC-5 and 5TM soil volumetric water content (SVWC) sensors, the MPS-2 and 200SS soil water potential (SWP) sensors, and the 200TS soil temperature sensor. Six 183 cm × 183 cm × 71 cm wooden compartments were built inside a greenhouse, and each compartment was filled with one type of soil from the Mississippi Delta. A total of 66 sensors with 18 data loggers were installed in the soil compartments to measure SVWC, SWP, and soil temperature. Soil samples were periodically collected from the compartments to determine SVWC using the gravimetric method. SVWC measured by the sensors was compared with that determined by the gravimetric method. The SVWC readings from the sensors had a linear regression relationship with the gravimetric SVWC (r2 = 0.82). This relationship was used to calibrate the sensor readings. The SVWC and SWP sensors could detect the general trend of soil moisture changes. However, their measurements varied significantly among the sensors. To obtain accurate absolute soil moisture measurements, the sensors require individual and soil-specific calibration. The 5TM, MPS-2, and 200TS sensors performed well in soil temperature measurement tests. Individual temperature readings from these sensors were very close to the mean of all sensor readings. Keywords: Irrigation, Sensors, Soil types, Soil water content, Soil water potential.

Root-weighted soil water status for plant water deficit index based irrigation scheduling

2017 ◽  
Vol 189 ◽  
pp. 137-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xun Wu ◽  
Wenjing Zhang ◽  
Wen Liu ◽  
Qiang Zuo ◽  
Jianchu Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Soil Water Status ◽  
Plant Water Deficit

Assessing canopy temperature-based water stress indices for soybeans under subhumid conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Morales Santos ◽  
Reinhard Nolz
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Stress Indices ◽  
Soil Water Status ◽  
Crop Water Stress

&lt;p&gt;Sustainable irrigation water management is expected to accurately meet crop water requirements in order to avoid stress and, consequently, yield reduction, and at the same time avoid losses of water and nutrients due to deep percolation and leaching. Sensors to monitor soil water status and plant water status (in terms of canopy temperature) can help planning irrigation with respect to time and amounts accordingly. The presented study aimed at quantifying and comparing crop water stress of soybeans irrigated by means of different irrigation systems under subhumid conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The study site was located in Obersiebenbrunn, Lower Austria, about 30 km east of Vienna. The region is characterized by a mean temperature of 10.5&amp;#176;C with increasing trend due to climate change and mean annual precipitation of 550 mm. The investigations covered the vegetation period of soybean in 2018, from planting in April to harvest in September. Measurement data included precipitation, air temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity. The experimental field of 120x120 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; has been divided into four sub-areas: a plot of 14x120&amp;#160;m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; with drip irrigation (DI), 14x120&amp;#160;m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; without irrigation (NI), 36x120&amp;#160;m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; with sprinkler irrigation (SI), and 56x120&amp;#160;m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; irrigated with a hose reel boom with nozzles (BI). A total of 128, 187 and 114 mm of water were applied in three irrigation events in the plots DI, SI and BI, respectively. Soil water content was monitored in 10&amp;#160;cm depth (HydraProbe, Stevens Water) and matric potential was monitored in 20, 40 and 60&amp;#160;cm depth (Watermark, Irrometer). Canopy temperature was measured every 15&amp;#160;minutes using infrared thermometers (IRT; SI-411, Apogee Instruments). The IRTs were installed with an inclination of 45&amp;#176; at 1.8&amp;#160;m height above ground. Canopy temperature-based water stress indices for irrigation scheduling have been successfully applied in arid environments, but their use is limited in humid areas due to low vapor pressure deficit (VPD). To quantify stress in our study, the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) was calculated for each plot and compared to the index resulting from the Degrees Above Canopy Threshold (DACT) method. Unlike the CWSI, the DACT method does not consider VPD to provide a stress index nor requires clear sky conditions. The purpose of the comparison was to revise an alternative method to the CWSI that can be applied in a humid environment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;CWSI behaved similar for the four sub-areas. As expected, CWSI &amp;#8805; 1 during dry periods (representing severe stress) and it decreased considerably after precipitation or irrigation (representing no stress). The plot with overall lower stress was BI, producing the highest yield of the four plots. Results show that DACT may be a more suitable index since all it requires is canopy temperature values and has strong relationship with soil water measurements. Nevertheless, attention must be paid when defining canopy temperature thresholds. Further investigations include the development and test of a decision support system for irrigation scheduling combining both, plant-based and soil water status indicators for water use efficiency analysis.&lt;/p&gt;

Development and use of a variable-speed lateral boom irrigation system to define water requirements of 11 turfgrass genotypes under field conditions

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Short ◽  
T. D. Colmer
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Leaf Water Status ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Class A ◽  
Irrigation Requirements ◽  
Class A Pan

Improved irrigation scheduling is one strategy by which water management can be improved in turfgrass systems. The development and testing of a variable-speed lateral boom irrigation system for use in field-based irrigation trials is reported. Christiansen’s coefficient of uniformity was greater than 92% and the efficiency of irrigator discharge was greater than 90% for application depths (mm/unit land area) of 0.5–13 mm. The minimum irrigation requirements were determined for 11 turfgrass genotypes from a summer irrigation dose–response field trial that applied daily treatments of 100 (control), 80, 60, 40 and 20% of the previous day’s net evaporation measured using a US Class A pan. Responses of several shoot parameters, including clipping production, green leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll and leaf water status were evaluated to define minimum irrigation requirements for the turfgrasses. Minimum irrigation requirements (as defined by declines of 10% in several shoot responses) for C3 and C4 turfgrasses were 64–94% and 32–78% of US Class A pan, respectively. Variability in irrigation requirements within C3 or C4 types was due mainly to variations in estimates based on the different shoot parameters. The results demonstrate the opportunity for water conservation by using C4 rather than C3 turfgrasses in locations with hot dry summers (and mild winters) typical of a Mediterranean-type climate.

Soil Moisture as Predictor of Plant Water Status

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 110-115
Author(s):  
Johannes Hertzler ◽  
Steffen Rust
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Plant Water Status ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Estimation Errors ◽  
Plant Available Water ◽  
The Relationship

Soil water potential can be used as a proxy for plant available water in irrigation scheduling. This study investigated the relationship between soil water potential and plant water status of pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) planted into two different substrates. Predawn leaf water potential as a well-established measure of the plant water status and soil water potential correlated very well. However, estimating the plant water status from individual sensor readings is subject to significant estimation errors. Furthermore, it was shown that heterogeneous soil/root ball combinations can lead to critical effects on the soil water balance, and that sensors installed outside of the root balls cannot estimate the plant water status without site-specific calibration.

scholarly journals Evaluating Remotely-Sensed Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Water Stress Responses Across a Viticultural Region

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinay Pagay ◽  
Catherine M. Kidman
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Aerial Surveillance ◽  
Thermal Indices ◽  
Growing Seasons

The evolving spatial and temporal knowledge about vineyard performance through the use of remote sensing offers new perspectives for vine water status studies. This paper describes the application of aerial thermal imaging to evaluate vine water status to improve irrigation scheduling decisions, water use efficiency, and overall winegrape quality in the Coonawarra viticultural region of South Australia. Airborne infrared images were acquired during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons in the region of Coonawarra, South Australia. Several thermal indices of crop water status (CWSI, Ig, (Tc-Ta)) were calculated that correlated with conventional soil and vine water status measures (Ψpd, Ψs, gs). CWSI and Ig could discriminate between the two cultivars used in this study, Cabernet Sauvignon (CAS) and Shiraz (SHI), as did the conventional water stress measures. The relationship between conventional vine water status measures appeared stronger with CWSI in the warmer and drier season (2016) compared to the cooler and wetter season (2017), where Ig and (Tc-Ta) showed stronger correlations. The study identified CWSI, Ig and (Tc-Ta) to be reliable indicators of vine water status under a variety of environmental conditions. This is the first study to report on high resolution vine water status at a regional scale in Australia using a combination of remote and direct sensing methods. This methodology is promising for aerial surveillance of vine water status across multiple blocks and cultivars to inform irrigation scheduling.

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