scholarly journals Stand state, silvicultural demands and measures in beech forests of mixed origin in Boljevac area

2004 ◽  
pp. 171-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milun Krstic ◽  
Damjan Pantic ◽  
Bratislav Matovic
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Beech Forests ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Mixed Origin ◽  
High Selection ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Stand Conditions

This paper presents the comparative analysis of stand state, productivity and silvicultural demands in beech stands of mixed origin, with a predominating percentage of trees of coppice origin, in different site and stand conditions, in the area of Cestobrodica and Straza. The main cruising elements were analyzed in three ecological units: Number of trees, basal area, volume, volume increment, mean stand diameters and height and the development of individual trees. The differences of the study ecological units, presented through the values of cruising elements and the phases of diameter, height and volume development of individual trees, are computed by the analysis of variance and LSD test. The analysis and the concluded significant differences enabled the real and comprehensive understanding of the state of these stands, based on which the long-term objectives of forest management were decided (conversion into a high silvicultural form) and actual silvicultural demands and measures - high selection thinning.

Long-Term Development of Regeneration Under Longleaf Pine Seedtree and Shelterwood Stands

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Boyer
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Distribution Characteristic ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Potential Impact

Abstract Well-stocked mature longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) stands were cut to five residual basal areas in 1957, namely 9, 18, 27, 36, and 45 ft² per ac, to observe the effect of stand density on seed production and seedling establishment. Seedlings, mainly from the 1955 or 1961seed crops, were established in treated stands. All pines on net 0.9 ac plots were remeasured in 1991 to determine the effect of residual pine density on development of the regeneration. Even the lightest residual overstory converted the structure of 29- to 35- yr-old ingrowth into the reverse-Jdiameter class distribution characteristic of uneven-aged stands. Four or six residual trees, now comprising 7 to 10 ft² basal area (ba)/ac, reduced ingrowth basal area to about half that of same-aged stands released from overstory competition. Merchantable volume of ingrowth under theselow residual densities averaged 40% of that in released stands. Mean annual per ac volume increment of ingrowth averaged 21 to 22 ft³ under the 9 ft² density but did not exceed 7 ft³ under any residual density above this. The potential impact of significant growth reductionsshould be taken into account when considering uneven-aged management methods for longleaf pine. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):10-15.

Wood density in Norway spruce: changes with thinning intensity and tree age

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1767-1778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuula Jaakkola ◽  
Harri Mäkinen ◽  
Pekka Saranpää
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
Individual Tree Growth ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Individual Trees

The effect of thinning intensity on growth and wood density in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) was investigated in two long-term thinning experiments in southeastern Finland. The stands were approaching maturity, and their development had already been studied for 30 years. The intensities of thinning were low, normal, and high (i.e., the stand basal area after the thinning was, on average, 40, 27, and 24 m2·ha–1, respectively, in Heinola, and 30, 28, and 17 m2·ha–1 in Punkaharju, respectively). Compared with the low thinning intensity, the normal and high thinning intensities increased the basal-area increment of individual trees by 52% and 68%, respectively. Normal and high thinning intensities resulted in a relatively small reduction (1%–4%) of mean ring density compared with low thinning intensity. The random variation in wood density between and within trees was large. About 27% of the total variation in wood density was related to variation between rings. Our results indicate that the prevailing thinning intensities in Norway spruce stands in Fennoscandia cause no marked changes in wood density. At least, the possible reduction in wood density is low compared with the increase in individual tree growth.

scholarly journals Economic Impacts of Projecting Horizontal Angles to the Wrong Height When Conducting Point Sampling

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Curtis L. VanderSchaaf ◽  
Lewis Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Point Sampling ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Area Estimate ◽  
Nonsampling Error ◽  
Taper Equation ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Horizontal Point Sampling ◽  
Stand Conditions

Abstract Horizontal point sampling selects sample trees by projecting horizontal angles. In many inventories, angles are to be projected to dbh, or the diameter at 4.5 ft, but because of user error, angles are often projected to heights other than breast height. Thus, errors are made as to which trees should be sampled, probabilities of sampling individual trees are incorrect, and the basal area estimate does not truly correspond to dbh. The objective of this study was to determine the potential economic impacts of projecting angles at heights other than breast height when breast height is the desired height. Projections for two planting densities (400 and 1,000 seedlings per acre) and two ages (20 and 30) were used to establish virtual plantations, and sampling was conducted using 10 and 20 basal area factor prisms by projecting horizontal angles to four heights, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0 ft. A taper equation was used to estimate changes in diameter along the stem. For the stand conditions examined in this study, incorrectly projecting angles to heights other than breast height reduced timber appraisals by as much as $190/ac. Across many acres and stands, this type of nonsampling error can result in serious errors in valuing stumpage.

scholarly journals Tree development and productivity of beech coppice stands in the Crni Vrh region

2003 ◽  
pp. 175-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damjan Pantic ◽  
Milun Krstic ◽  
Milorad Danilovic ◽  
Bratislav Matovic ◽  
Nenad Markovic
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Comprehensive Assessment ◽  
The Real ◽  
High Selection ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Term Management ◽  
Tree Development

The trends of development and increment of individual trees, as well as the productivity of beech coppice stands in the region of Crni Vrh were studied. The trees in the category of 20% of the largest-diameter trees in the stand were analyzed by the standard dendrometric analysis, the productivity was assessed based on the values of the major taxation elements measured at the sample plots. The results of these analyses, combined with the results reported by other authors, who studied beech coppice forests at the same locality but from different aspects, enable the real and comprehensive assessment of the state of these stands. On this basis, the aim of long-term management (conversion into a high silvicultural form) and the actual silvicultural measure (high selection thinning) were defined.

scholarly journals Diameter-Limit Harvesting: Effects of Residual Trees on Regeneration Dynamics in Appalachian Hardwoods

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis Deluca ◽  
Mary Ann Fajvan ◽  
Gary Miller
Keyword(s):  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Residual Tree ◽  
Negative Relationships ◽  
Appalachian Hardwoods ◽  
Stand Conditions

Abstract Ten-years after diameter-limit harvesting in an Appalachian hardwood stand, the height, dbh, and basal area of sapling regeneration was inversely related to the degree of “overtopping” of residual trees. Black cherry and red maple were the most abundant saplings with 416.5 ± 25.7 and 152.9 ± 16.8 stems per acre, respectively. Models of black cherry height and diameter showed significant negative relationships (P < 0.05) with residual tree basal area. In addition, height, diameter, and basal area of dominant and codominant black cherry and black birch saplings were inversely related to residual tree basal area (P < 0.05), as was the basal area of red maple saplings. Alternatively, red maple sapling diameter had a significant positive relationship (P < 0.05) with residual basal area, and height was not significantly affected. Findings suggest that overall stand conditions were most favorable for the development of shade-tolerant red maple, with shade-intolerant species developing well in open areas. However, the long-term development of black cherry may be jeopardized by side shade and canopy cover. Removal of residual trees and subsequent cleaning operations are recommended to increase growth rates of shade-intolerant sapling regeneration.

scholarly journals The proposition of optimal silvicultural-reclamation operations in untended beech stands of mixed origin

2004 ◽  
pp. 155-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milun Krstic
Keyword(s):  
Stand Structure ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
The State ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Tree Removal ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Diameter Structure ◽  
Mixed Origin ◽  
State Quality ◽  
Biological Differentiation

The state, quality, spontaneous development and silvicultural demands of untended beech stands of mixed origin were studied, the age of trees in the dominant layer is about 75 years. The analysis of stand development through a 17-year period (1986-2003) included the monitoring of the elements of stand structure: Number of trees, basal area, volume, diameter and volume increment, mean stand diameter, structure, mortality and tree removal from the stand, morphological, biological and technical characteristics of trees and biological differentiation of trees. The adequate silvicultural-reclamation measures are proposed based on the identified stand state.

Update on the Boundaries of the Curly Birch Range

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
L.V. Vetchinnikova ◽  
◽  
A.F. Titov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Population Approach ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Karelian Birch

The article reports on the application of the best known principles for mapping natural populations of curly (Karelian) birch Betula pendula Roth var. carelica (Mercklin) Hämet-Ahti – one of the most appealing representatives of the forest tree flora. Relying on the synthesis and analysis of the published data amassed over nearly 100 years and the data from own full-scale studies done in the past few decades almost throughout the area where curly birch has grown naturally, it is concluded that its range outlined in the middle of the 20th century and since then hardly revised is outdated. The key factors and reasons necessitating its revision are specified. Herewith it is suggested that the range is delineated using the population approach, and the key element will be the critical population size below which the population is no longer viable in the long term. This approach implies that the boundaries of the taxon range depend on the boundaries of local populations (rather than the locations of individual trees or small clumps of trees), the size of which should not be lower than the critical value, which is supposed to be around 100–500 trees for curly birch. A schematic map of the curly birch range delineated using this approach is provided. We specially address the problem of determining the minimum population size to secure genetic diversity maintenance. The advantages of the population approach to delineating the distribution range of curly birch with regard to its biological features are highlighted. The authors argue that it enables a more accurate delineation of the range; shows the natural evolutionary history of the taxon (although it is not yet officially recognized as a species) and its range; can be relatively easily updated (e.g. depending on the scope of reintroduction); should be taken into account when working on the strategy of conservation and other actions designed to maintain and regenerate this unique representative of the forest tree flora.

Effects of Crown Thinning on Baldcypress Height, Diameter, and Volume Growth

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen G. Dicke ◽  
John R. Toliver
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Taxodium Distichum ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Crown Thinning ◽  
Epicormic Branching

Abstract Crown thinning a 63-year-old stand of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum [L.] Rich.) averaging 220 ft²/ac of basal area to 180, 140, and 100 ft²/ac resulted in 5-year diameter growths of 0.44, 0.51, and 0.77 in., respectively. The unthinned control was significantly less at 0.31 in. Six-year height growth averaged 3.1 ft and was not influenced by treatment. Thinning to 140 and 100 ft²/ac stimulated epicormic branching on many trees, which may lower log quality. All crown thinning treatments appeared to increase sawtimber volume increment and sawtimber volume/ac over the control 5 years after thinning. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):252-256.

scholarly journals The Effects of CSR Activities on Business According to Employee Perception

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Anđelka Stojanović ◽  
Natalija Sofranova ◽  
Sanela Arsić ◽  
Isidora Milošević ◽  
Ivan Mihajlović
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Vital Element

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a vital element for building a long-term relationship with a company’s stakeholders. Different dimensions of a company’s social initiatives in terms of internal and external CSR activities influence the satisfaction of employees with the purpose of improving the CSR application. The aim of this research is to examine the level of employees’ awareness of the implementation of CSR in Serbian and Russian companies. A comparative analysis between these two countries was carried out in order to perceive the differences in attitudes of employees, their job satisfaction, and consequently the implementation of CSR. The hypotheses of the developed model were tested by using the Multi-group Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The obtained results offered several implications for scholars and practitioners that should be considered when formulating and implementing CSR actions.

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