scholarly journals Mycobiota and mycotoxins in freshly harvested and stored maize

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Krnjaja ◽  
M. Lukic ◽  
N. Delic ◽  
Z. Tomic ◽  
V. Mandic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Maize Kernel ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Genus Fusarium ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Maize Kernels ◽  
Penicillium Spp

The incidence of mycobiota and mycotoxin levels were investigated in the freshly harvested maize kernel samples from October 2014 and in the samples of stored maize kernels from February 2015. Toxigenic fungal species (moulds) were isolated, cultivated and identified on agar plates according to standard mycological methods, while mycotoxins were detected by enzymelinked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). Mycological analyses of kernels showed the presence of toxigenic species from genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. Among the Aspergillus species, Aspergillus flavus was identified with higher incidence in the stored kernels (10.25%), than in freshly harvested kernels (3.67%) whereas A. parasiticus was the predominant species in the freshly harvested kernels (4.17%) compared to the stored kernels (0%). From the genus Fusarium three species were identified: F. graminearum, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides, with the incidence of 1.08%, 8% and 25.75%, respectively in freshly harvested kernels and the incidence of 2.50%, 7.10% and 29.75%, respectively in the stored kernels. Species from genus Penicillium had higher incidence in freshly harvested kernels (14.25%) than in the stored kernels (9%). In addition, tested samples of harvested and stored maize kernels were 100% positive with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and total fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 (FBs). The mean levels of AFB1, DON and FBs were 2.77 ?g kg-1, 117.83 ?g kg-1, and 3700.84 ?g kg-1, respectively in the freshly harvested kernels and a mean levels of 2.16 ?g kg-1, 2034.40 ?g kg-1, and 5976.50 ?g kg-1, respectively in the stored maize kernels. In the freshly harvested maize kernel samples, statistically significant (P ? 0.05) positive correlations of kernel moisture content with the incidence of Penicillium spp. (r = 0.47), and levels of AFB1 (r = 0.46) and FBs (r = 0.47), and between the incidence of Penicillium spp. and level of AFB1 (r = 0.53) were established. In the stored maize kernel samples, statistically significant (P ? 0.05) positive correlations were found between the incidence of F. subglutinans and level of FBs (r = 0.50) and between levels AFB1 and FBs (r = 0.52). A highly significant (P ? 0.01) positive correlation was established between the incidence of F. verticillioides and level of FBs (r = 0.64) in freshly harvested maize kernel samples. These results indicate that the incidence of toxigenic fungi and levels of mycotoxins, in particular DON and FBs, were higher in the stored maize kernel samples than in freshly harvested maize kernels. Therefore, to prevent the development of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins accumulation in post-harvest period it is necessary to thoroughly dry maize and keep it in hygienic food storages.

scholarly journals Toxigenic fungal and mycotoxin contamination of maize samples from different districts in Serbia

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Krnjaja ◽  
Slavica Stankovic ◽  
Milos Lukic ◽  
Nenad Micic ◽  
Tanja Petrovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Aspergillus Species ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Penicillium Spp

This study was carried out in order to investigate the natural occurrence of toxigenic fungi and levels of zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the maize stored immediately after harvesting in 2016 and used for animal feed in Serbia. A total of 22 maize samples were collected from four different districts across the country: City of Belgrade (nine samples), Sumadija (eight samples), Podunavlje (four samples) and Kolubara (one sample). Toxigenic fungi were identified according to the morphological characteristics whereas the mycotoxins contamination were detected using biochemistry enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent (ELISA) assay. The tested samples were mostly infected with Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium spp., except that one sample originated from Kolubara was not contaminated with Aspergillus species. Fusarium graminearum was the most common species in the maize sample from Kolubara district (60%), F. verticillioides in the maize samples from Podunavlje (43.75%) and City of Belgrade (22.4%) districts, and Penicillium spp. in the maize samples from Sumadija district (26.38%). In the analysed maize samples the presence of Aspergillus species was low (0-1.78%). Mycotoxicological analysis revealed the presence of zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in all the investigated samples, except that DON and AFB1 were not recorded in the samples from Podunavlje and Kolubara districts, respectively. The investigated samples were highly contaminated with ZEA, with incidence of 100% for the samples from Sumadija, Podunavlje and Kolubara districts and 88.89% for the samples from City of Belgrade district. In addition, the samples contamination with DON was 100% and 22.2% for the samples from Sumadija, Kolubara and City of Belgrade, districts, respectively. The highest number of AFB1 positive samples was found in Sumadija district (87.5%), while in the City of Belgrade and Podunavlje districts, 55.56% and 50% AFB1 positive samples were established, respectively. Generally, remarkable infection of all the tested samples with toxigenic fungal species from Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium genera were recorded. In addition, high contamination with mycotoxins ZEA, DON and AFB1 were also recorded; nevertheless, only in one sample the level of DON exceeded the allowed legal limit (1750 ?g kg-1) according to Regulation for unprocessed maize. Therefore, permanent mycological and mycotoxicological analyses of maize grain are necessary for risk assessment of fungal and mycotoxin contamination throughout the food chain.

scholarly journals Mycobiota of Commercially Available Triphala Powder: A Well Known Dietary Supplement of Indian System of Medicine

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushil Sharma ◽  
Madhu Gupta ◽  
Rekha Bhadauria
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
High Moisture Content ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Fungal Load ◽  
Percent Moisture

Sixty samples, categorized on the basis of manufacturers, were analyzed during the study. A total of 16 fungal species, belonging to 7 different genera, were isolated from the collected samples. Aspergillus was recorded as the most dominant genus with 9 species, namely, A. niger, A. carbonarius, A. luchuensis, A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A. terreus, A. ochraceous, and A. wentii. A. niger was the most predominant species with frequency of occurrence of 63.33%. A large variation in fungal load and diversity was observed among the samples of different manufacturing categories. The percent moisture content and pH of samples were directly related to the extent of contamination. Samples with low pH and high moisture content were more contaminated. The higher incidence of A. niger (74.36%) was observed among the triphala powder of all manufacturing categories. Detection of ochratoxin producing fungi in triphala powder may pose a serious risk of ochratoxin production. Thus, there is an urgent need to enforce quality standards and regulation to minimize the fungal contamination to the globally expectable limit.

scholarly journals An investigation into the microbial infestation of poultry feeds

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
MM Rahman ◽  
MS Islam ◽  
MZ Alam ◽  
M Ashrafuzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Fungal Population ◽  
Fungal Flora ◽  
Poultry Feeds ◽  
Penicillium Spp ◽  
Feed Samples

The Experiments were carried out during the period of July 2001 to December 2002. Infestation of poultry feeds by fungi and aflatoxins content in feeds were determined. Ten feed samples were collected from ten different farms located in three different areas of Bangladesh. Five different fungal species belonging four genera were detected which were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp, Rhizopus stolonifer and Penicillium spp. Among them Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were found in all the feed samples and the rest were occasionally found. Effect of storage and moisture content of feeds were studied for determining the influence on occurrence of fungal flora in feeds. Higher the storing period of feed along with higher moisture content resulted superior incidences of fungal population in stored feeds. Studied on storage practice with 4 duration of F1 sample revealed that the presence of aflatoxins were 30.52ppb, 33.36ppb, 37.32ppb and 48.35ppb of 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after production of feeds, respectively.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 13(1): 79-86, June 2015

scholarly journals Molds and mycotoxins in freshly harvested maize

2013 ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Krnjaja ◽  
Jelena Levic ◽  
Slavica Stankovic ◽  
Tanja Petrovic ◽  
Milos Lukic
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Lower Incidence ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Predominant Species

Incidence of toxigenic fungi (molds) and concentration of mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZON) and fumonisin (FB1) were studied in the maize grains collected immediately after harvesting in 2012. A total of 29 maize samples were analyzed and the highest incidence was determined for fungal species of Rhizopus (56.41%), Aspergillus (43.66%) and Fusarium (14.97%) genera. Significantly lower incidence was obtained for species of genus Penicillium (3.31%), and especially for species of genera Acremonium (1.38%), Alternaria (0.75%) and Cladosporium (0.14%). Among toxigenic fungi Aspergillus flavus (36.69%) was the most common species of As?pergillus genus, whereas the Fusarium verticillioides with 14.69% of incidence was the predominant species of Fusarium genus. In all studied maize samples, the presence of AFB1, ZON and FB1 mycotoxins was established, except for DON which was established in 75.86% samples. AFB1 was detected in average concentration of 13.95 ?g kg-1 for 44.83% of samples, and average concentration higher than 40 ?g kg-1 for 55.17% of samples. The average concentrations of DON which was detected was 235 ?g kg-1, while it was 98.38 ?g kg-1 and 3590 ?g kg-1 for the presence of ZON and FB1, respectively. Moderate positive correla?tion was obtained between concentrations of AFB1 and FB1 (r=0.35), while weak positive correlation was established between concentrations ZON and DON (r=0.02).

scholarly journals Fungal and mycotoxin contamination of maize hybrids in different maturity groups

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Krnjaja ◽  
Slavica Stankovic ◽  
Ana Obradovic ◽  
Violeta Mandic ◽  
Zorica Bijelic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Maximum Frequency ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Maize Kernels ◽  
Penicillium Spp ◽  
Maturity Groups

In the present study, the frequency of toxigenic fungi and occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and total fumonisins (FBs) in the kernels of six maize hybrids from different FAO maturity groups (ZP 341, ZP 427, ZP 434, ZP 560, ZP 606, ZP 666) in three localities (Belosavci, Ladjevci and Divci) in Serbia, during the harvest in 2013, was investigated. Using standard mycological tests of maize kernels, the presence of potentially toxigenic fungi species from the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium was found. In the studied localities, species Fusarium verticillioides was the most frequently isolated from the most hybrids, with a maximum frequency of 30%, while the presence of Aspergillus spp. ranged from 0 to 16%, and Penicillium spp. from 0 to 20%. By applying Immunoadsorbent enzymatic assay (ELISA) the concentrations of AFB1, DON and FBs were determined in maize. The differences between tested hybrids in the level of mycotoxins in kernels were statistically significant (P?0.01) for DON and FBs, but not for the content of AFB1. Also, the interaction between the hybrid and location was significant (P?0.01) for the level of DON and FBs, while there was no statistical significance for the level of AFB1. Maximum values of AFB1, DON and FBs level were 1.02 ?g kg-1 (ZP 427), 12 ?g kg-1 (ZP 341) and 1528.56 ?g kg-1 (ZP 427). The concentrations of the tested mycotoxins in kernels did not exceed the maximum allowed limits stipulated by Serbian regulations (Sluzbeni glasnik RS, 2014). Given that agro-ecological conditions in Serbia are favourable for the occurrence of toxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins, it is necessary to exert the control of maize kernels annually, in harvest and postharvest periods.

scholarly journals The presence of toxigenic Fusarium species and Fusariotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in winter wheat

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Krnjaja ◽  
S. Stankovic ◽  
J. Levic
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Genus Fusarium ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Penicillium Spp ◽  
Insignificant Correlation ◽  
Isolated Species

The frequency of fungi and mycotoxin concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) were studied in winter wheat grains harvested in 2009. The most frequently isolated species belonged to genera Alternaria (81.55%) and Fusarium (12%), followed by Rhizopus spp. (3.75%), Acremoniella spp. (1.15%) and other fungi (Acremonium spp., Arthrinium spp., Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris spp., Chaetomium spp., Nigrospora spp., Penicillium spp. and Ramichloridium spp.) isolated in less than 1%. The following species of the genus Fusarium were identified: F. graminearum (82.50%), F. sporotrichioides (5.42%), F. proliferatum (4.17%), F. subglutinans (4.17%), F. poae (1.66%), F. semitectum (1.25%), and F. verticillioides (0.83%). In 100% of wheat grain samples DON was detected (110-1200 ?g kg-1, average 490 ?g kg-1), while ZON was detected in 10% of samples and in the lower average of 70 ?g kg-1 with the limit values ranging from 60 to 80 ?g kg-1. Statistically significant positive correlations were established between the concentration of ZON with the frequency of F. graminearum (r = 0.63) or with the frequency of Fusarium spp. (r = 0.58). A negative insignificant correlation was determined between the DON level and the percentage of present Fusarium species.

scholarly journals Moulds and mycotoxins in stored maize grains

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Krnjaja ◽  
J. Levic ◽  
S. Stankovic ◽  
T. Petrovic ◽  
Z. Tomic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Predominant Species

In this study the presence of moulds and mycotoxins in samples of stored maize grains in the period from October 2011 to September 2012 was investigated. Mycological analyses of whole and broken grains showed the presence of species from the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus and others. Among the Aspergillus and Fusarium genera as potentially toxigenic fungi, Aspergillus flavus was identified with the highest percentage on broken grains (20.38%) whereas F. verticilioides was the predominant species in the whole maize grains (34.04%). In addition, it was obtained that tested samples of stored maize grains were 100% positive with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZON), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) with an average concentration of 1.39 ?g kg-1, 71.79 ?g kg-1, 128.17 ?g kg-1, and 1610.83 ?g kg-1, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between the moisture content and the presence of Fusarium spp. on the broken grains (r = 0.44) and between the moisture content and the concentration of DON (r = 0.61). However, a significant negative correlation was found between moisture content and FB1 (r = -0.34), and between the concentration of ZON and DON mycotoxins (r = -0.58).

Analysis of the moisture content of maize kernels in over-ripe plants

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-430
Author(s):  
T. Árendás ◽  
L. C. Marton ◽  
P. Bónis ◽  
Z. Berzsenyi
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Equilibrium Moisture Content ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Maize Grain Yield ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Maize Kernels

The effect of varying weather conditions on the moisture content of the maize grain yield was investigated in Martonvásár, Hungary from late August to late September, and from the 3rd third of September to the 1st third of Novemberbetween 1999 and 2002. In every year a close positive correlation (P=0.1%) could be observed between the moisture content in late September and the rate of drying down in October. Linear regression was used each year to determine the equilibrium moisture content, to which the moisture content of kernels returned if they contained less than this quantity of water in late September and harvesting was delayed. In the experimental years this value ranged from 15.24-19.01%.

Incidence and molecular characterization of fungi and yeast isolated from cultured catfish and Nile tilapia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Ola Hashem ◽  
Viola Zaki ◽  
Rawia Adawy
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Objective: To study the incidence and seasonal dynamics of different fungi affected freshwater fishes in Lake Manzala with molecular identification of the isolated fungi. Animals: 300 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and 300 catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Design: Descriptive study. Procedures: Random samples of Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) and Clarias gariepinus (C. gariepinus) were collected from Manzala fish farms. Clinical and postmortem examination of fish was applied. Isolation and identification of different fungi were performed by conventional methods. Furthermore, the molecular characterization of isolated fungi was carried out. Results: C. gariepinus had a higher rate of infection with different fungal species than O. niloticus. Aspergillus spp. (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus) were the most fungal isolated from the examined fishes, followed by Penicillium spp. and Candida albicans. Aspergillus spp were detected in all seasons with a higher rate in summer and spring. A. flavus, A. niger, Penicillium spp. and C.albicans isolates were amplified from both C. gariepinus and O. niloticus at the specified molecular weight using PCR. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Fungal infection affected the fish showing different external and internal lesions, all species of Aspergillus were found in all seasons with a high rate in, hot seasons, summer and spring. The Prevalence of Penicillium and C. albicans were also reported. All fungal isolates were identified on the phenotypic and molecular bases.

scholarly journals PSV-16 Infrared thermography technology as a promising tool for assessing temperament of water buffaloes

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 220-221
Author(s):  
Caroline L Francisco ◽  
André M Castilhos ◽  
Daiane C Marques da Silva ◽  
Fabiola Martinez da Silva ◽  
Aline S Aranha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Thermal Imager ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Water Buffaloes ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Positive Correlations

Abstract This study evaluated the use of the infrared thermography (IT) as a tool to identify the temperament of 75 non-castrated water buffaloes (390±32 days of age; 310±61.27 kg of initial body weight) of 3 genetic groups (GG:Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah; n = 25 for each GG). The animals were classified for temperament through the temperament score (TSc) obtained by the mean of the sum of the scores of the time of entry into the squeeze chute (1 to 5: 1=greater time spent for entry; 5=less time spent for entry) and the exit velocity score (1 to 5: 1=lower speed; 5=higher speed) calculated after the period of adaptation to the feedlot (d0). The animals were categorized into adequate (ADQ; TSc≤3) or excitable (EXC; TSc >3) temperaments. The rectal temperature was measured and IT images were obtained (Testo 882 Thermal Imager, Testo, Inc, Germany) from regions of the chest, eye, snout, cheek, foreleg (left side), ribs, hind legs, rear area (left side), and scrotum on d0. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure in SAS, considering the GG, temperament, and the resulting interaction as fixed effects. Correlation was analyzed using the CORR procedure of SAS. There were no effects of interactions (P ≥ 0.14). ADQ animals showed lower rectal (P = 0.02) and ribs (P = 0.05) temperatures than EXC animals (Table1). Tendencies for temperament effect were detected for chest (P = 0.06) and rear area (P = 0.07). There was no effect of temperament for other variables (P = 0.19). Positive correlations were verified between the TSc and rectal (r=0.36; P < 0.01), chest (r=0.35; P < 0.01), and rear area (r=0.33; P < 0.01) temperatures. Tendency for a positive correlation was detected between TSc and scrotum (r=0.23; P = 0.07). In conclusion, the temperament causes changes in the temperature of some body regions suggesting the IT technology may be a promising tool for assessing the temperament of water buffaloes. Supported by FAPESP (#2018/25939-1; #2014/05473-7).

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