scholarly journals Impact of copper cyanide on the key metabolic enzymes of freshwater fish Catla catla (Hamilton)

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Praveen Dube ◽  
A. Shwetha ◽  
B.B. Hosetti
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Enzymes ◽  
Catla Catla ◽  
Cyanide Complex ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Copper Cyanide ◽  
Metal Cyanide ◽  
Aspartate Amino Transferase ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Complex Copper ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

Short term toxicity experiments were conducted to study the effect of metal cyanide complex (copper cyanide) on the key metabolic enzymes viz., lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), aspartate amino transferase (AST) alanine amino transferase (ALT), acid phosphatase (AcP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in Catla catla juveniles. A total of 60 fingerlings were (2?0.5 cm; 1.5?0.2 g) exposed to two sublethal concentrations (0.253 and 0.152 mg/L) for a period of 15 days. Copper cyanide had significant (P> 0.05) effect on the key metabolic enzymes, the highest activities were observed in the group exposed to 0.253 mg/L. Results suggest that metal cyanide complex significantly altered enzyme activities of fish in both the sublethal concentrations.

scholarly journals Immunotoxicity in Ascidians: Antifouling Compounds Alternative to Organotins—V. the Case of Dichlofluanid

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 396
Author(s):  
Francesca Cima ◽  
Roberta Varello
Keyword(s):  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Zinc Pyrithione ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Colonial Ascidian ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Glutathione Oxidation ◽  
Defence Responses ◽  
Sediment Interface ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

Dichlofluanid has long been employed as a fungicide in agriculture and has been massively introduced in antifouling paints for boat hulls over the last two decades. One of the most important toxic effects of antifoulants is represented by immunosuppression in marine invertebrates, which can be analysed in vitro with a number of short-term toxicity assays on haemocytes. Among bioindicators, the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri is a useful candidate; it is a filter-feeding organism living in the water-sediment interface that is found worldwide and is sensitive to antifouling xenobiotics. Dichlofluanid adversely affects both immunocyte lines (phagocyte and cytotoxic lines) after exposure to sublethal concentrations. At 0.05 μM (16.65 μg/L), dichlofluanid induced haemocyte apoptosis and cell shrinkage with a decrease in both motility and phagocytosis. At the lowest concentration (0.01 μM, 3.33 μg/L), inhibition of pivotal enzymatic activities of phagocytes and cytotoxic cells occurred. At the highest concentration (0.1 μM, 33.3 μg/L), dichlofluanid increased glutathione oxidation, leading to stress conditions. The effects of dichlofluanid on immune defence responses are similar to those of organometal-based antifoulants (i.e., organotin compounds and zinc pyrithione), and its use in coastal areas requires attention.

scholarly journals Morpho-Functional Alterations in the Gills of a Seawater Teleost, the Ornate Wrasse (Thalassoma pavo L.), after Short-Term Exposure to Chlorpyrifos

Toxics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Rachele Macirella ◽  
Vittoria Curcio ◽  
Elvira Brunelli
Keyword(s):  
Goblet Cells ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cell Degeneration ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Pillar Cell ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
First Time ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphorus insecticide commonly used for domestic and agricultural purposes. The risk posed by environmental contamination from CPF is well acknowledged, and it has been detected worldwide in aquatic habitats and coastal areas. In addition, due to its slower degradation in seawater compared to freshwater, CPF is of particular concern for marine environments. Here, we investigated for the first time the morpho-functional alterations induced by CPF on the gills of Thalassoma pavo, a widespread species in the Mediterranean Sea. We tested the effects of two sublethal concentrations (4 and 8 µg/L) after 48 and 96 h. Our study demonstrates that the alterations induced by CPF are dose and time-dependent and highlight the harmful properties of this insecticide. After exposure to the low tested concentration, the more frequent alteration is an intense proliferation of the primary epithelium, whereas after exposure to the high concentration, the primary epithelium proliferation is less extensive, and the most evident effects are the thinning of secondary lamellae and the ectopia of chloride and goblet cells. CPF also modulated the expression of Na+/K+-ATPase. Dilation of lamellar apical tips, pillar cell degeneration, and appearance of aneurysms are often observed.

scholarly journals tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide (tBHP)-Induced Lipid Peroxidation and Embryonic Defects Resemble Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency in C. elegans

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8688
Author(s):  
Hung-Chi Yang ◽  
Hsiang Yu ◽  
Tian-Hsiang Ma ◽  
Wen-Ye Tjong ◽  
Arnold Stern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
G6pd Deficiency ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Butyl Hydroperoxide ◽  
Tert Butyl ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Tert Butyl Hydroperoxide ◽  
Calcium Independent Phospholipase A2 ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

G6PD is required for embryonic development in animals, as severe G6PD deficiency is lethal to mice, zebrafish and nematode. Lipid peroxidation is linked to membrane-associated embryonic defects in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). However, the direct link between lipid peroxidation and embryonic lethality has not been established. The aim of this study was to delineate the role of lipid peroxidation in gspd-1-knockdown (ortholog of g6pd) C. elegans during reproduction. tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) was used as an exogenous inducer. Short-term tBHP administration reduced brood size and enhanced germ cell death in C. elegans. The altered phenotypes caused by tBHP resembled GSPD-1 deficiency in C. elegans. Mechanistically, tBHP-induced malondialdehyde (MDA) production and stimulated calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA) activity, leading to disturbed oogenesis and embryogenesis. The current study provides strong evidence to support the notion that enhanced lipid peroxidation in G6PD deficiency promotes death of germ cells and impairs embryogenesis in C. elegans.

Effect of diallyldisulphide on an antioxidant enzyme system in Candida species

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 816-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snowber Yousuf ◽  
Aijaz Ahmad ◽  
Amber Khan ◽  
Nikhat Manzoor ◽  
Luqman Ahmad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Candida Species ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme System ◽  
Antioxidant Metabolites ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

This study was carried out to show the effect of diallyldisulphide (DADS), an important organosulphur compound found in garlic ( Allium sativum ), on antioxidant systems in Candida species. Changes in antioxidant metabolites and antioxidant activity in the presence of DADS were found in Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis . Candida cells were treated with sublethal concentrations of DADS. DADS caused a decrease in the activity of all antioxidant enzymes except catalase, resulting in oxidative stress and damaged cells. The amount of oxidative stress generated by DADS was found to be a function of its concentration. A significant decrease in superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase activities but an increase in catalase activity were observed. Increased levels of lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of glutathione were observed in treated cells. Activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase decreased significantly following DADS treatment and could be correlated with a decrease in glutathione concentration in both Candida species. These results indicate that diallyl disulphide acts as a pro-oxidant to Candida species and hence may act as a potent antifungal in the management of candidiasis.

A Novel Copper Cyanide Complex with a Layered Structure

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Liu ◽  
Guo-Cong Guo
Keyword(s):  
Layered Structure ◽  
Anhydrous Acetonitrile ◽  
Solvothermal Reaction ◽  
Cyanide Complex ◽  
Copper Cyanide ◽  
Violet Luminescence

The solvothermal reaction of copper(i) cyanide with 18-crown-6 (18C-6) in anhydrous acetonitrile and further diffusion with ether leads to a novel copper cyanide complex Cu(CN)(CH3CN)·0.5(18C-6) with a rare layered structure that exhibits complex violet luminescence originating from different layers.

Promoting Effect of Metal Promoters on Fe(II)-Zn-Based Double Metal Cyanide Complex Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 3041-3045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Mei Yang ◽  
Peng Mei Lv ◽  
Zhen Hong Yuan ◽  
Wen Luo ◽  
Zhong Ming Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Transition Metal ◽  
Rare Earth Metal ◽  
Earth Metal ◽  
Molecular Formula ◽  
Cyanide Complex ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Metal Cyanide ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

Fe(II)-Zn-based double metal cyanide complex catalysts modified with rare earth metal or transition metal promoters(lanthanum, cerium, zirconium, manganese) for the production of biodiesel were prepared, and the effect of the addition of different metal promoters on the characteristics of the catalyst was studied by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET, ICP and Infrared techniques .The experiment results show that the Fe(II)-Zn-based catalyst promoted with 1 wt.% of La(NO3)3·nH2O exhibits the highest catalytic activity for the reaction, being as high as 99.3% of the yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Fe(II)-Zn-based catalysts have a tentative molecular formula: K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2·xH2O· (t-BuOH), where x=3-9 determined by using elemental analysis and ICP. It has been shown that the molecular formula of Fe(II)-Zn-based double metal cyanide complex catalysts did not change by adding 1 wt.% of rare earth metal or transition metal promoters. X-ray diffraction and BET results showed that Fe(II)-Zn-based catalysts with 1 wt.% of metal promoters salts exhibit smaller particle size, higher surface area than the Fe(II)-Zn catalyst ,which may be related to the higher activity of the catalysts.

Regio-selective synthesis of polyepichlorohydrin diol using Zn–Co(iii) double metal cyanide complex

RSC Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (42) ◽  
pp. 21765-21771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ren-Jian Wei ◽  
Ying-Ying Zhang ◽  
Xing-Hong Zhang ◽  
Bin-Yang Du ◽  
Zhi-Qiang Fan
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Bulk Polymerization ◽  
Selective Synthesis ◽  
Cyanide Complex ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Metal Cyanide

This work describes the first regio-selective synthesis of poly(epichlorohydrin) diol via a simple one-pot bulk polymerization with a heterogeneous catalyst.

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