scholarly journals Impact of live weight on the quality of pigs halves and meat of the large white breed

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 819-824
Author(s):  
A. Kuzelov ◽  
N. Taskov ◽  
T. Angelkova ◽  
E. Atanasova ◽  
M. Mladenov
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Large White ◽  
Relative Share ◽  
White Breed ◽  
Mass Group ◽  
Group B ◽  
Pig Carcasses

The research was conducted on pig carcasses and meat of 12 pigs breed big Yorkshire fattened to approximately 125 kg body mass (group A), and 12 pigs of the same breed fattened to approximately 108 kg body mass (group B). Pigs were kept in the semi-outdoor system, with the same housing and feeding conditions. Meat quality was determined on the sample from M. longissimus dorsi, taken between the 13th and 14th rib. Body mass of pigs prior to slaughter 125..22 kg. and 108. 52 kg.) significantly influenced the quality of pigs breed big Yorkshire carcasses , but not the quality of the meat. Pigs with higher body mass (125.22 kg) had carcasses of different conformation (significantly higher relative share of yawl and abdominal rib -part and a lower relative share of less worth parts and shoulder) and composition (a lower relative share of meat on shoulder and a higher relative share of meat on abdominal-rib part) in relation to pigs with lower body mass (108.52 kg). The meat contents in carcasses was almost equal (47.04 % and 47.20%) in both analyzed groups of pigs. In terms of meat quality, that was usual, no significant differences (p>0.05) were determined between the analyzed groups of pigs.

scholarly journals СOMBINATIONAL ABILITY OF SPECIALIZED BREEDS AND TYPES OF PIGS IN INDUSTRIAL CROSSBREEDING

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 84-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Vashchenko
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Combining Ability ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Large White ◽  
Large White Breed ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
White Breed ◽  
Conventional Methods

For several decades, widespread industrial crossing different breeds of pigs. However, intensive importation foreign breeding of pig and use foreign technologies, a prerequisite for improving meat and slaughter quality of livestock. Success in solving this problem depends on identifying the best combinations of parental pairs with a comprehensive study of regularities succession and the descendants of preferred breeding traits are determined by genes and polymer characterized by a wide range of variability influenced by environmental conditions. In terms of industrial use of the most successful combinations of lines, genotypes, even a slight increase productivity, ensure, ultimately, significant economic effects. The aim of our study was to evaluate the general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability fattening and meat quality of pigs and calves landed determine the best options for combinations of parental pairs when crossed. Studies were conducted in conditions of industrial technology at without belt dependent concentrations type of feeding and regulated microclimate on the basis of LLB "Mayak-Agro" Cherkassy region. Groups breeder was formed by unique origin, age, physiological condition, body weight. Assessment fattening, meat quality, physical and chemical properties of meat and fat conducted by conventional methods Polivoda AM and else. The morphological composition of carcasses studied by diking corps. The chemical composition and physical properties of meat were determined by conventional methods in condition of biotechnology laboratories Cherkassy National University. B. Khmelnitsky. In the first stage crossed sows of Ukrainian large white breed (UVB) with boars Landrace (LA) English selection, and received from them hybrids (hybrids F1) sires with specialized meat breeds: Pietrain (P) British breeding red white girdle (RWG) and Duroc Ukrainian selection “Steppes” (DUSS). It is established that the use of these industrial crossbreeding schemes leading to improved slaughter yield of 4.4 - 8.4% in the carcasses of local groups. Severity of heterosis for slaughter relies was in the range of 0.16 to 1.88%. Combining breeds LA and UVB has increased the length of the carcasses in hybrids by 2.5 cm (P> 0.95) at the lowest standard deviation - 0.14 cm. At the same time, crossing two-hybrids local pig breeds of boars’ P led rather to reduce the carcasses length compared to the original parental forms 2.6 cm (P> 0.95). Regarding mass index posterior third corps tends to increase it to 11.3 - 12.5 kg accurate advantage of using Landrace breeds (P> 0.95) and pietrain (P> 0.999). The fact that the carcasses obtained from pigs combination 1/4UVB x 1/4LA x 1/2P, were significantly shorter and had the largest area "muscle eye" is quite natural and due to the influence of breeds belonging boars. The efficacy of the combination of maternal two-breeds form hybrids with UVB × LA boars pietrain and red white girdle, confirmed the calculated values of general and specific combining ability. When using boars breed red white girdle highest positive effect of general combining ability was observed in terms of area "muscle eye" (4.94) meeting of body (0.93) slaughter yield (0.35). In addition, the use of the scheme for industrial crossing red white girdle helped reduce fat content in carcass and thick bacon (- 1.41 - 0.64). Increasing the length of the carcass at slaughter hogs promoted the use of Duroc Ukrainian selection “Steppes” (1.32) and Landrace (1.08). Boars used breeds influenced fattening and greasy meat quality of offspring with different force. Its value depended on the individual animal and breeds consolidation for the identified - from negative 8.49 to positive 6.71% age achieve live weight of 100 kg and from minus 9.34 to positive 6.34% in the average daily increments. Differential power of selective effects on offspring among individual species ranged from (- 9.34) to (+6,71)% (P> 0,999). Given the importance of meat quality indicators as signs core products finals pig should always check the structural elements of Ukrainian large white breed on the matching ability. This lets use the best combination to improve performance and avoid unwanted flocks crossbreeds combinations.

scholarly journals Use of specialized breeds for increase of pork meat quality

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 238-242
Author(s):  
O. V. Boiko ◽  
O. V. Vashchenko ◽  
M. S. Nebylytsia
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Pork Meat ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
Large White ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Large White Breed ◽  
National University ◽  
White Breed ◽  
Conventional Methods

Aim. Matching ability to study for reproductive, fattening and meat qualities of pigs and to identify the most effective combinations of genotypes national and foreign selection. Methods. Studies conducted in conditions of industrial technology of LLB "Mayak-Agro" Cherkassy region. Groups formed by from counterpart’s methods. Assessment fattening and meat quality was carried out by conventional methods (Polivoda A., 1977). The chemical composition and physical properties of meat were determined by conventional methods in condition of biotechnology laboratories Cherkassy National University. B. Khmelnitsky. Results. The highest quantity offspring obtained by crossing hybrids with boars red white girdle (RWG) and pietrain (P) (11.6–11.8 piglets), with big fetus – when two breed crossed Ukrainian large white breed (ULW) sows of landrace (L) boars and sows of crossbred boars two bread from (P) (1.8 kg, P>0.99). By weight of one head at weaning the best results are obtained by crossing two breeds ewes from boars (RWG) and (P) – 18.1–17.8 kg (P > 0.999). Maximum saving values obtained when combined hybrids (ULW x L) with boars breed Duroc Ukrainian selection “Steppes” (DUSS) – 94.8 %. Conclusions. To improve the meat quality of pork, the best option is a combination of two breeds pig breeds (ULW x L) of boars (P) and (RWG). Keywords: hybridization, a specialized type, industrial crossing, heterosis, muscle area.

scholarly journals Продуктивність в’єтнамських вислочеревних свиней та їх помісей

2013 ◽  
pp. 73-75
Author(s):  
В. Є. Усачова
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Multiple Pregnancy ◽  
Large White ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Reproductive Ability ◽  
Large White Breed ◽  
White Breed

Наведено результати дослідження репродуктивних, відгодівельних і м’ясних якостей свиней в’єтнамської вислочеревної породи «в чистоті» та в поєднанні з плідниками великої білої породи. Встановлено, що за використання схрещування досягається поліпшення відтворювальної здатності свиноматок за багато-, великоплідністю, живою масою одного поросяти і гнізда при відлученні. Підсвинки в’єтнамської вислочеревної породи поступалися помісному молодняку за інтенсивністю росту і розвитку. Відгодівля помісних генотипів сприяла поліпшенню відгодівельних та м’ясних якостей. The results of the study of reproductive, fattening and meat quality of pigs in Vietnam loose belly breed «in a cleanness» and in crossing with the male hogs of large white breed are given in the article. It is set that the use of crossing leads to improvement of reproductive ability of sows on multiple pregnancy, large fetus, to living mass of one pigling. Gilts of the Vietnamese loose belly breed yielded to the crossbreed sapling on intensity of growth and development and slaughter-weight. Fattening of crossbreed genotypes was instrumental in the improvement of fattenings and meat qualities.

Association between leptin receptor gene polymorphism and quality of both meat and back fat in large white pigs of ukrainian breeding

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
V. Balatsky ◽  
I. Bankovska ◽  
A. Saienko
Keyword(s):  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Large White ◽  
Pig Breeds ◽  
Lepr Gene ◽  
Large White Breed ◽  
White Breed

Leptin receptor is one of the components of the system of regulating energy homeostasis of the organism. Leptin receptor gene (LEPR) polymorphism is associated with pig carcass index of the content of intramus- cular fat in its valuable parts, which is particularly important when assessing the quality of their carcasses for processing. Intramuscular fat is associated with meat fl avor characteristics and partly determines its tenderness, juiciness, and other parameters. Aim. To analyze LEPR gene (SNP NM001024587.1, p. 1987 C > T) polymor- phism in populations of various pig breeds and to establish its relationship with the quality of both meat and fat of pigs of Large White breed of Ukrainian breeding. Methods. Genetic-population analysis of nine pig breeds, associative analysis on the search connection of LEPR gene polymorphism with quality of both meat and fat of pigs of Large White breed of Ukrainian breeding. LEPR locus genotyping was performed by High Resolution Melting (HRM). Results. All the studied breeds are characterized by polymorphism of the leptin receptor gene (SNP NM001024587.1, p. 1987 C > T), signifi cant breed specifi city in the distribution of frequencies of alleles was established. Statistically confi rmed effect (p < 0.05) of genotypes LEPR on the content of intramuscular fat, total dry matter and moisture in the meat, as well as the moisture content in the back fat of pigs of Ukrainian Large White breed was revealed. Higher content of intramuscular fat was found in the animals with genotype TT, while a smaller amount of intramuscular fat and more moisture in fat was revealed in heterozygotes. Conclusions. Genetic marker LEPR SNP NM001024587.1, p. 1987 C > T can be used in the marker-assisted selection to predict and improve the performance quality of the meat of pigs of Large White breed of the Ukrainian breeding. These results suggest that porcine leptin receptor gene controls the quality of fat comp- lex – inside muscles and in the dorsal part of the carcass.

Productivity and technological qualities of pork when using biological drugs

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-28
Author(s):  
O. Mikheeva ◽  
V. Fedyuk ◽  
M. Slozhenkina
Keyword(s):  
Endocrine Cells ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Large White ◽  
Biological Drugs ◽  
Animal Blood ◽  
Intestinal Microbiology ◽  
White Breed ◽  
Meat Productivity

In world practice biologically active drugs are widely used at different technological stages of rearing pigs, poultry and cattle. Special attention should be paid to bio-grugs obtained not as a result of chemical synthesis, but isolated from organs and tissues of healthy animals. Restoration of normal intestinal microflora of the animal is the basis of the concept of probiotics. Currently, probiotics are considered as endogenous intestinal microflora most often belonging to the group of lactobacilli, streptococci or bifidobacteria or as specific growth factors for them. Probiotics are selected according to certain criteria based on scientific knowledge of the physiology of intestinal microbiology, as well as animal nutrition. The purpose of the work was to study the effect of biological products on resistance, reproductive, fattening and meat productivity of pigs, on the quality of whole-muscle and fine-structured pork products; to develop a method of application of duodenum extract in combination with probiotics to increase the productivity of pigs. Studies on the effect of extracts derived from endocrine cells of the intestine, in combination with probiotics on the productivity of pigs of Large White breed and the quality of pork, as well as studied the effect of duodenins and probiotics in different concentrations on the protective properties of animal blood have been carried out. New methods of application of extracts of endocrine cells of intestines and probiotics for increase of meat productivity of animals and quality of pork have been offered. The use of bio-drugs increased the livability of young animals in all experimental groups from 1st to 4st by 3,51; 6,05; 4,95 and 5,90 %, respectively. There was an advantage in the amount of revenue from the sale of products of all experimental groups over the control one.

Indexes of reproductive ability and their repeatability in sows of different genotypes, taking into account the polymorphism g.1426g> a of the Mc4r gene

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Khalak ◽  
Vasyl Voloshchuk ◽  
Konstiantyn Pochernyaev ◽  
Serhii Smyslov ◽  
Maria Ilchenko
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Multiple Births ◽  
Large White ◽  
Mc4r Gene ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Reproductive Ability ◽  
Large White Breed ◽  
White Breed ◽  
Consolidation Coefficient

The results of studies of the reproductive ability of sows of different genotypes are given taking into account the polymorphism g.1426G> A of the MC4R gene, the factor of repeatability of characters is determined, and the economic efficiency of the research results is calculated. The experimental part of the research was carried out in the conditions of the «Druzhba-Kaznacheevka» LTD in Dnipropetrovsk region. The objects of research were sows of the Large White breed. It was determined that sows of the main herd, according to signs of reproductive ability, belong to class I and class elite. The experiment showed that sows of genotype AG exceeded their peers of others (GG and AA) in terms of “born piglets total, heads” by 1.6 and 0.7 heads, “Live piglets born (multiple births), heads - by 1 6 and 0.9 heads, “the mass of the litter at the time of birth, kg” - by 2.7 - 1.3 kg., “the mass of the litter at the time of weaning at the age of 28-35 days, kg” - by 5, 1 - 3.9 kg. The difference between animals of the indicated genotypes is: for large-foetus - 0.06-0.01 kg, the index "evenness of the sow’s litter in live weight of piglets at birth, points" - 1.05-1.84 points, index of N. D. Berezovsky - 3.75 -2.36 points. The index of the safety of piglets before weaning ranged from 84.4 to 93.0 %. It was proved that the minimum value of the index “evenness of the sow’s littar in live weight of piglets at the time of birth, points (7.76 ± 1,082 points) are characterized by sows of genotype AA, in which the rate of multiple pregnancy ranged from 8 to 14 pigs, and the value of the sign“ large-foetus, kg "equaled 1.37 kg. The repeatability coefficient for sows of the main herd and sows of the Large White breed of different genotypes for the melanocortin 4 (MC4R) receptor gene ranges from -0.916 ± 0.1418 (І-IV farrow, genotype - GG, sign - “piglet safety before weaning, %) to 0.978 ± 0.0738 (I-V farrow, genotype - GG, sign - “large foetus”, kg ”). The maximum value of the phenotypic consolidation coefficient was found in sows of genotype AA according to the following quantitative characteristics: “live piglets (multiple births), heads.”, “litter weight at the time of birth, kg”, “litter weight at weaning age of 28-35 days, kg "," the safety of piglets before weaning ,% ". The sows of the genotype GG belong to the unconsolidated group according to the signs of reproductive qualities. The use of sows of the genotype for the melanocortin 4 (MC4R) AG receptor gene provides additional products at the level of 5.15 %, and its cost is 165.41 UAH /head. Keywords: sow, breed, reproductive ability, MC4R gene, genotypic consolidation coefficient, variability, correlation, repeatability.

Effects of genotype and dietary forage to concentrate ratio during the finishing period on carcass characteristics and meat quality of lambs from hill sheep systems

2001 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. CARSON ◽  
B. W. MOSS ◽  
L. E. R. DAWSON ◽  
D. J. KILPATRICK
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Classification Score ◽  
Forage:Concentrate Ratio ◽  
Matter Basis

The study investigated the effects of lamb genotype produced from hill flocks on feed efficiency, carcass characteristics and meat quality in animals finished on either a high forage:concentrate ratio diet (HFC) or a low forage:concentrate ratio diet (LFC). Purebred Scottish Blackface (BXB) lambs were compared with Blue-Faced Leicester×Scottish Blackface (BLXB) and Texel×Scottish Blackface (TXB) lambs. Purebred Cheviot (CXC), Suffolk×Cheviot (SXC) and Texel×Cheviot (TXC) lambs were also investigated. Lambs on the LFC diet were offered grass silage and concentrates mixed in the proportion of 0·80 silage and 0·20 concentrates on a dry matter basis. The LFC diet consisted of 0·20 grass silage and 0·80 concentrates on a dry matter basis. Representative lambs were slaughtered at the start of the experiment and on reaching 38 and 46 kg live weight. Averaged over the two slaughter weights, within the Blackface cross lambs, BXB had a lower liveweight gain (P < 0·01) than either BLXB or TXB (138, 207 and 203 (S.E. 11·1) g/day, respectively). Within the Cheviot cross lambs, CXC had a lower liveweight gain (P < 0·05) than SXC (188 v. 220 (S.E. 11·1) g/day), while SXC and TXC (204 g/day) had similar liveweight gains. Lambs on the LFC diet had a higher dressing proportion (P < 0·001) compared with lambs finished on the HFC diet (0·466 v. 0·434 (S.E. 0·0018) kg carcass per kg live weight). Averaged over the two slaughter weights BXB lambs had a lower (P < 0·05) dressing proportion than the other genotypes. Carcass conformation classification (assessed on a five-point scale) was higher (P < 0·001) in lambs finished on the LFC diet (3·0 v. 2·4 (S.E. 0·04)). Conformation classification was higher in lambs produced from Cheviot compared with Blackface ewes (P < 0·05). Within the Blackface cross lambs, BXB and BLXB lambs had a lower conformation classification (P < 0·001) than TXB lambs (2·4, 2·4 and 2·9 (S.E. 0·08) respectively). Within the Cheviot ewes, TXC lambs had a higher (P < 0·001) classification than either CXC or SXC (3·1, 2·7 and 2·7 (S.E. 0·08) respectively). Lambs finished on the LFC diet had a higher fat classification score compared with lambs on the HFC diet (P < 0·001) (3·4 v. 2·8 (S.E. 0·04)). Fat classification was similar across all genotypes. Lambs finished on the LFC diet had a lower ash content in the carcass than lambs finished on a HFC diet (P < 0·01) (44 v. 47 (S.E. 0·8) g/kg). Lamb genotype and dietary forage:concentrate ratio had no significant effect on cooking loss, sarcomere length, Warner–Bratzler shear force and L* values. Ultimate pH (pHU) was not influenced by dietary forage:concentrate ratio, but was significantly (P < 0·01) higher in BXB lambs compared with BLXB, TXB, CXC and TXC lambs. Lambs offered the LFC diet during the finishing period had significantly higher values for a* (P < 0·05), b* (P < 0·001), C* (P < 0·001) and H0 (P < 0·05) than lambs offered a HFC diet. Of these parameters only b* was significantly affected by lamb genotype, with BXB lambs having a lower value (P < 0·05) than the other genotypes.

An evaluation of beef carcass quality 1. The influence of cereal feeding on the growth and carcass quality of Friesian steers

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Hinks ◽  
J. H. D. Prescott
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Grazing Cattle ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Tasting Panel

SUMMARYTwenty-four Friesian steers, initially 5 months of age, were involved in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment which spanned grazing and silage feeding periods of 22 weeks' duration. In the first period, cattle were stocked at a uniformly high density, with half of the group being fed 1·25 kg/head per day of supplementary barley. In the second period, the cattle were subdivided into four groups and fed varying levels of barley with silage. Finally all the animals received 3·65 kg/head per day of barley. Replicates of the four treatments were slaughtered at random after 5 to 11 weeks on this treatment. Whilst supplementary cereal feeding significantly increased the live-weight gains of steers at grass by 11%, this live-weight advantage was offset by their slower gains in the final weeks before slaughter. Feeding cereals to grazing cattle had little effect on carcass composition or the proportions of carcass joints, but their beef was considered, by a tasting panel, to be more tender than the meat from the control steers.Increasing the level of barley fed with silage only increased live-weight gains by 2%, and had little effect on carcass or meat quality.

An evaluation of beef carcass quality 2. Influence of variation in grazing intensity and the level of barley supplementation with silage on the carcass and meat quality of Friesian steers

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-237
Author(s):  
C. E. Hinks ◽  
J. H. D. Prescott
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Carcass Quality

SUMMARYTwo experiments concerning the effects, on the carcass and meat characteristics of 18-months-old Friesian steers, of variation in grazing intensity and the level of barley feeding with silage are reported.Groups of 12 steers were grazed at different intensities over 5-month grazing periods, such that live-weight differences of 38 kg and 16 kg were recorded at housing. No compensatory growth was recorded during the subsequent winter feeding period.Whilst the grazing treatments had little effect on carcass or meat quality, higher levels of barley feeding with silage over the winter period (710 v. 410 kg/steer) had significant effects on live-weight gain, and increased carcass weight by 21 kg at slaughter. The higher yield of carcass weight was reflected in significant differences in carcass composition, joint proportions and retail cut-out value. Sixty per cent of the carcass weight difference was removed as trim fat. Differences in carcass fatness were not associated with any differences in eating quality.

scholarly journals Hybridization as a method of improving quality of pork

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
B. P. Kovalenko ◽  
◽  
O. B. Shevchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Large White ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Large White Breed ◽  
White Breed ◽  
A Share

Studies were carried out on the main indicators of the chemical composition and physical properties of muskulus longissimus dorsi of pigs of different genotypes during hybridization. The indicators of the chemical composition and physical properties of muskulus longissimus dorsi were determined by conventional methods. The materials of experimental studies were processed using methods of variation statistics. According to the amount of moisture, no significant difference between the control and experimental groups was established. According to the amount of protein in meat, a tendency to a slight decrease, compared with the control group by 1.4 (group III) … 1.9 % (group II) was established. The use of boars of Poltava meat breed led to a decrease in intramuscular fat in descendants by 0.25 % compared with peers of a large white breed (P <0.95), and precocious meat - to a real increase of this indicator by 0.43 % at P> 0 , 95. A tendency towards an increase in the amount of tryptophan (by 0.04 ... 0.05) and oxyproline (by 0.004 ... 0.005) in the muscles of hybrid animals was revealed in comparison with peers of pure breed of large white breed. In terms of the biological usefulness of meat proteins, animals of group III were the best - in terms of the quality of the protein of the longest muscle of the back, their advantage over peers of group II was 0.07, and compared with purebred peers. Group I - 0.12 (p <0.95). It was found that with the same area of the meat spot both in purebred large white breeds of animals and hydrides of different genotypes, there is a tendency to increase the latter compared to the control in a humid place: with a «share» of «blood» ½ pm by 2.2 %, and with a «share» of blood ½ cm - 1.4 %. A tendency has been established to increase the pH value of the longest back muscle in animals with a «share» of blood of specialized meat breeds compared with a large white breed. In hybrid animals with a «share» of blood of Poltava meat and precocious meat breeds, there is a tendency to increase the pH value in comparison with the large white breed by 0.15 (2.8 %) and by 0.17 (3.1 %), i.e. the meat of hybrid pigs, the pH of which has a shift towards alkalinity due to less accumulation of lactic acid, has a worse preservation.

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