scholarly journals Paratuberculosis in cattle: The outspread, diagnostics and control

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-344
Author(s):  
B. Vidic ◽  
S. Savic ◽  
N. Prica
Keyword(s):  
Direct Detection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Complex Procedure ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
And Control

Paratuberculosis is chronic incurable granulomatose enteritis, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The disease can be found in cattle, sheep and goats and it can appear among all age groups. The disease spreads slowly, the condition can vary, but it always ends with severe dehydration, weight loss and complete exhaustion of the animal. Diagnosis of paratuberculosis is established by direct detection of causative agent using selective media or by detection of agents? genome using the PCR method. Indirect methods are based on the detection of specific antibodies in blood sera or milk, or on the measuring of cellular immunity. The detection of antibodies using ELISA method is considered the method of choice for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis, because of the rapidity of the test and relatively low expenses. The first serological analysis on the presence of paratuberculosis in cattle was carried out 20 years ago in the region of AP Vojvodina (Republic of Serbia). Blood sera taken from cattle originating from 12 farms were examined. The AGID (agar gel immunodiffusion) test revealed positive results in 13 cows coming from four farms, which makes 1.5% from the total number of cows. Furthermore, CF (complement fixation test) method revealed 35 positive cows, which makes 4.1% out of the total number of cows. In 1991, similar analysis applying ELISA test revealed 29 positive cows, i.e. 2.9% of positive cattle, which reflects a favourable epizootiological situation in the region. Lack of well-established laboratory tests, long periods of incubation and small number of clinical cases impede appropriate control of paratuberculosis. Control programs are based on reduction of transmission of the agent to host animals, elimination of infected animals, hygiene-sanitary measures and vaccination. The efficacy of the recommended programs would directly depend on elimination of infected animals. Despite the continuous research and numerous studies, the problem of detecting the infection caused by MAP is still present. This fact, together with the complex procedure of laboratory diagnostic, has caused a permanent spreading of the infection in cattle herds, while measures taken so far for the control of paratuberculosis have not been efficient enough.

scholarly journals Prevalence of paratuberculosis infection in sheep

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
Branka Vidic ◽  
Zivoslav Grgic ◽  
Milovan Jovicin ◽  
Zoran Rasic ◽  
Sara Savic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Positive Finding ◽  
Clinical Form ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Progressive Weight Loss ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis ◽  
Positive Results

Paratuberculosis is an incurable chronic disease of ruminants, which is manifested with clinical signs of diarrhea and progressive weight loss. Causative agent is Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and the disiase occurs in cattle, sheep and goats. The outspread of paratuberculosis is huge in the whole world, especially in the countries where animal breeding is a developed branch of economy. Animals get infected with food and water contaminated with feces of infected animals. The infection spreads within infected pastures and also when trading animals with latent infection. Clinical manifestation of the disease can firstly be noticed in young categories of sheep, which is different than in cattle. Primary clinical symptom is chronic weight loss. It is rather hard to determine the level of prevalence of the disease, in a certain region, because the diagnostic procedure is complex and not always reliable enough. Detection of antibodies with ELISA test is considered a method of choice for diagnostic of paratuberculosis, because of fast gaining of the results and relatively low price of the test. By applying the ELISA test, we have analysed 2000 sheep blood samples. Positive results for paratuberculosis were found in 66 ( 3,30%) animals in total. In sheep samples from southern Backa region, positive findings were gained from 42 (3,89%) samples, and in Srem region, positive finding were found in samples from 24 sheep (2,60%). Control programs are based on the removal of all infected animals, application of general preventive measures and vaccination. Application of vaccination aims for elimination of clinical form of the disease. An effective treatment has not been determined so far.

scholarly journals Vaccination Failure in Eradication and Control Programs for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Antos ◽  
Pawel Miroslaw ◽  
Jerzy Rola ◽  
Miroslaw Pawel Polak
Keyword(s):  
Financial Burden ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Prophylactic Measure ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Efficient Protection ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
And Control

Vaccination against bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is one of the key elements to protect cattle herds from this economically important disorder. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pestivirus infecting animals at all ages with significant impact on reproductive, digestive, and respiratory systems. Financial burden caused by this pathogen prompts many farmers to introduce vaccination as the control and prophylactic measure especially when persistently infected (PI) individuals, being the main source of the virus in the herd, are removed after test-and-cull approach. The aim of the study was to compare the serological response in cattle herds where new PI calves were identified without prior removal of PI animals or despite their removal and after the introduction of whole herd vaccination against BVDV infection. Overall seroprevalence in 5 vaccinated herds was 91.7 and 83.3% using ELISA and virus neutralization test, respectively. Despite high titers for both vaccine and field strains of BVDV in analyzed herds the analysis of comparative strength of neutralization indicated that 41.4% of positive samples did not have a predominant titer against one specific subtype of BVDV. In 3 herds BVDV-1b subtype was identified while in 2 others it was BVDV-1d, while the vaccine used was based on BVDV-1a which was never identified in Poland so far. To increase the success of the BVDV eradication program, a careful approach is suggested when planning herd vaccination. Comparison of existing field strains and their similarity with vaccine strains at antigenic and genetic levels can be a useful approach to increase the effectiveness of vaccination and efficient protection of fetuses from persistent infection.

scholarly journals Screening of Hungarian cattle herds for seropositivity to Mycoplasma bovis

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
László Fodor ◽  
Katalin Jánosi ◽  
László Makrai ◽  
Miklós Gyuranecz
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Cattle Herds

A total of 860 serum samples collected at 86 cattle farms in different parts of Hungary were screened for the presence of antibodies to Mycoplasma bovis using an ELISA test with a recombinant M. bovis membrane protein as antigen. Antibodies to M. bovis were detected in sera collected on all farms, and no farms negative for M. bovis were found. In 88.38% of the herds more than 50% of the sampled animals were infected by M. bovis. A total of 82.91% of the animals had antibodies to M. bovis. The proportion of seropositive animals was higher in the older age groups, and a significant difference was seen in the level of seropositivity between young and older age groups. The results show that M. bovis infection is widespread on Hungarian dairy farms, and its prevalence has increased in the recent decade. The high infection rate of Hungarian cattle herds with M. bovis shows that special attention should be paid to evaluating the aetiological role of M. bovis in bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) cases because M. bovis has an immunosuppressive effect and can predispose cattle to other respiratory infections, too.

scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of a Novel Multicopy-Element-Targeting Triplex PCR for Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Feces

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (12) ◽  
pp. 3757-3768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iker A. Sevilla ◽  
Joseba M. Garrido ◽  
Elena Molina ◽  
María V. Geijo ◽  
Natalia Elguezabal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis ◽  
Cattle Herds

ABSTRACTThe enteropathy called paratuberculosis (PTB), which mainly affects ruminants and has a worldwide distribution, is caused byMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis. This disease significantly reduces the cost-effectiveness of ruminant farms, and therefore, reliable and rapid detection methods are needed to control the spread of the bacterium in livestock and in the environment. The aim of this study was to identify a specific and sensitive combination of DNA extraction and amplification to detectM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin feces. Negative bovine fecal samples were inoculated with increasing concentrations of two different bacterial strains (field and reference) to compare the performance of four extraction and five amplification protocols. The best results were obtained using the JohnePrep and MagMax extraction kits combined with an in-house triplex real-time PCR designed to detect IS900, ISMap02(an insertion sequence ofM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosispresent in 6 copies per genome), and an internal amplification control DNA simultaneously. These combinations detected 10M. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosiscells/g of spiked feces. The triplex PCR detected 1 fg of genomic DNA extracted from the reference strain K10. The performance of the robotized version of the MagMax extraction kit combined with the IS900and ISMap02PCR was further evaluated using 615 archival fecal samples from the first sampling of nine Friesian cattle herds included in a PTB control program and followed up for at least 4 years. The analysis of the results obtained in this survey demonstrated that the diagnostic method was highly specific and sensitive for the detection ofM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin fecal samples from cattle and a very valuable tool to be used in PTB control programs.

scholarly journals  Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a mouflon herd without clinical symptoms monitored using IS900 real-time PCR: a case report

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 625-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Pribylova ◽  
I. Slana ◽  
J. Lamka ◽  
V. Babak ◽  
K. Hruska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis ◽  
Low Sensitivity

The aim of this study was to monitor over two years a farmed mouflon herd for the presence and persistence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) using an IS900 real-time PCR method. This study followed the previous monitoring of the herd using a cultivation method which showed only a minimal infection load among the animals. Although no mouflon showed clinical symptoms, 35.7% and 80% of ewes were IS900-positive in 2008 and 2009, respectively. In seven out of 21 adult ewes, the presence of the IS900 sequence was determined in 2008 as well as in 2009. Between the first and second sampling, twenty-three mouflon lambs born and kept with the ewes were examined. Almost one third of them (30.4%) were proven to have the MAP sequence in their faeces. Also, 75% environmental samples from the mouflon farm showed positivity. Infected animals without clinical symptoms which low sensitivity cultivation does not detect represent a source of infection for other animals. Therefore, real-time PCR has a crucial role in paratuberculosis control programs, especially in control of the disease by the culling of infected animals.

scholarly journals Ten-year trends of hypertension treatment and control rate in Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwang-il Kim ◽  
Eunjeong Ji ◽  
Jung-yeon Choi ◽  
Sun-wook Kim ◽  
Soyeon Ahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Hypertension Treatment ◽  
Treatment Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Multistage Sampling ◽  
And Control

AbstractWe analyzed the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) database to determine the trends of hypertension treatment and control rate in Korea over the past 10 years. In addition, we tried to investigate the effect of chronic medical conditions on hypertension management. We investigated the hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rate from 2008 to 2017. KNHANES, which uses a stratified multistage sampling design, is a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey conducted by the Korean government. A total of 59,282 adults (≥ 20 years) were included, which was representative of the total population of around 40 million Koreans per year. The mean age was 50.7 ± 16.4 years and 42.6% were male. The prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and obesity significantly increased over the 10 years. During this period, the hypertension treatment and control rate significantly improved. Hypertension treatment rate was significantly lower in the younger age group compared to the older age group, but the control rate among the treated patients was not significantly different between age groups. The treatment and control rates of hypertension were higher in patients with multimorbidity, which implies that it has a favorable effect on the treatment and control of hypertension. Hypertension treatment and control rate have improved over the past 10 years. The higher treatment and control rate in patients with multimorbidity suggest that the more aggressive surveillance might be associated with the improvement of hypertension treatment and control rate in Korea.

scholarly journals Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia among diabetes mellitus patients and predictors of optimal dyslipidemia control: results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung Jae Kim ◽  
Oh. Deog Kwon ◽  
Kyung-Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Optimal Control ◽  
National Health ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Nutrition Examination Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates of dyslipidemia and identify the predictors of optimal control (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol < 100 mg/dL) among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using the representative Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014–2018). Overall, 4311 patients with DM, aged ≥19 years, and without cardiovascular diseases were selected, and the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates of dyslipidemia were calculated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the factors influencing the optimal control of dyslipidemia. Results Dyslipidemia was prevalent in 83.3% of patients with DM, but the awareness and treatment rates were 36.5 and 26.9%, respectively. The control rate among all patients with dyslipidemia was 18.8%, whereas it was 61.1% among those being treated. Prevalence and awareness rates were also significantly higher in women than in men. Dyslipidemia was most prevalent in those aged 19–39 years, but the rates of awareness, treatment, and control among all patients with dyslipidemia in this age group were significantly lower than those in other age groups. The predictors of optimal control were age ≥ 40 years [range 40–49 years: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.43–9.72; 50–59 years: aOR 6.25, 95% CI 2.50–15.65; 60–69 years: aOR 6.96, 95% CI 2.77–17.44; 70–79 years: aOR 9.21, 95% CI 3.58–23.74; and ≥ 80 years: aOR 4.43, 95% CI 1.60–12.27]; urban living (aOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.15–1.80); higher body mass index (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.13–1.42); lower glycated hemoglobin levels (aOR 0.71, 95% CI 0.67–0.76); hypertension (aOR 1.53, 95% CI 1.22–1.92); poorer self-rated health status (aOR 0.72, 95% CI 0.62–0.84); and receiving regular health check-ups (aOR 1.58, 95% CI 1.25–2.00). Conclusions Most patients with DM were diagnosed with dyslipidemia, but many were unaware of or untreated for their condition. Therefore, their control rate was suboptimal. Thus, by understanding factors influencing optimal control of dyslipidemia, physicians should make more effort to encourage patients to undergo treatment and thus, adequately control their dyslipidemia.

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