scholarly journals Karyotype analysis and karyological relationships of Turkish Bunium species (Apiaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-209
Author(s):  
Mustafa Çelik ◽  
Yavuz Bağcı ◽  
Esra Martin ◽  
Halil Eroğlu
Keyword(s):  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Karyotype Evolution ◽  
Karyotype Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Polyploid Species ◽  
Chromosomal Data ◽  
Group B ◽  
First Time

Chromosomal data and karyological relationships provide valuable information about karyotype evolution and speciation. For the genus Bunium, the chromosomal data are limited. In the present study, the chromosomal data of 10 taxa are provided, 6 of which are given for the first time, 2 present new chromosome numbers, and 2 agree with previous reports. Four different chromosome numbers (2n=18, 20, 22 and 40) were detected, and 2n=40 is a new number in the genus Bunium. B. brachyactis is the first polyploid species of the genus with a ploidy level of 4x. The most asymmetric karyotypes are those of B. pinnatifolium and B. sayae. Regarding karyological relationships, B. pinnatifolium forms a monophyletic group by quite different karyological features such as large chromosomes, more submedian chromosomes and the most asymmetric karyotypes. In addition, the other 5 taxa form a strong monophyletic group. B. verruculosum and B. ferulaceum are cytotaxonomically very close species, as are B. sayae and B. elegans var. elegans. The chromosome numbers of 2 Turkish species, B. nudum and B. sivasicum, remain unknown. The presented results provide important contributions to the cytotaxonomy of Bunium.

Chromosome studies on African plants. 9. Chromosome numbers in Ehrharta (Poaceae: Ehrharteae)

Bothalia ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Spies ◽  
E. J. L. Saayman ◽  
S. P. Voges ◽  
G. Davidse
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Basic Chromosome Number ◽  
B Chromosomes ◽  
Basic Chromosome ◽  
Cytogenetic Studies ◽  
African Plants ◽  
First Time

Cytogenetic studies of 53 specimens of 14 species of the genus  Ehrharta Thunb. confirmed a basic chromosome number of 12 for the genus. Chromosome numbers for 13 species are described for the first time. The highest ploidy level yet observed in the genus (2n = lOx = 120) is reported for E. villosa var.  villosa. B chromosomes were observed in several specimens of four different species.

scholarly journals Molecular cytogenetics of Hedysarum gmelinii Ledeb. and H. setigerum Turcz. (Fabaceae) from populations of Southern Siberia

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 517-519
Author(s):  
O. Yu. Yurkevich ◽  
T. E. Samatadze ◽  
I. Yu. Selyutina ◽  
S. A. Zoshchuk ◽  
A. V. Amosova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Karyotype Analysis ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetics ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Chromosome Morphology ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Southern Siberia ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
First Time

For the first time, a comparative karyotype analysis of closely related species Hedysarum gmelinii andH. setigerum (Hedysarum section Multicaulia) grown in Southern Siberia, has been performed by molecular cytogeneticmarkers. Chromosome numbers in karyotypes of these species were specified – 2n = 4х = 32. In some accessions, additionalB chromosomes were revealed. FISH analyses indicated high similarities in chromosome morphology and also patternsof chromosomal distributions of 45S and 5S rDNA clusters in karyotypes of H. gmelinii and H. setigerum, which confirmsthe close relationship between their genomes.

scholarly journals Morphometric traits in the fine-leaved fescues depend on ploidy level: the case of Festuca amethystina L.

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Rewicz ◽  
Przemysław Piotr Tomczyk ◽  
Marcin Kiedrzyński ◽  
Katarzyna Maria Zielińska ◽  
Iwona Jędrzejczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Classification Criteria ◽  
The Other ◽  
Morphometric Traits ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
First Time

Background Polyploid specimens are usually characterized by greater exuberance: they reach larger sizes and/or have a larger number of some organs. Festuca amethystina L. belongs to the section Aulaxyper. Based on morphological features, four subspecies of F. amethystina have been already identified. On the other hand, it has two cytotypes: diploid and tetraploid. The main aim of our study was to distinguish morphological differences between the cytotypes of F. amethystina, assuming that its phenotype differs significantly. Methods The nuclear DNA content was measured by flow cytometry in dry leaves from specimens originating from 13 populations of F. amethystina. Several macrometric and micrometric traits of stems, spikelets and leaf blades were taken into account in the comparative analysis of two cytotypes. Results In the case of cytotypes, specimens of tetraploids were larger than diploids. The conducted morphometric analysis of leaf cross-sections showed significant differences between the cytotypes. Discussion The research has confirmed for the first time that in the case of F. amethystina the principle of greater exuberance of polyploids is true. Differences between the cytotypes are statistically significant, however, they are not enough to make easy the distinction of cytotypes on the basis of the measurements themselves. Our findings favor the rule known in Festuca taxonomy as a whole, i.e. that the ploidy level can be one of the main classification criteria.

The genus Rubus in South Africa. I. Chromosome numbers and geographical distribution of species

Bothalia ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 15 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 591-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Spies ◽  
H. Du Du Plessis
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
African Species ◽  
Rubus Species ◽  
First Time

The geographical distribution of 14 of the Rubus species in South Africa is presented. Chromosome numbers of nine of the species were determined: six for the first time, one is confirmed and additional polyploid levels are described for the other two species. It is demonstrated that the South African species of the subgenus Idaeobatus contain less diploid specimens and more polyploid specimens than their extra-African counterparts. This phenomenon could be attributed to hybridization between the subgenera Eubatus and  Idaeobatus.

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN SOME MOSSES FROM QUEBEC

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Al-Aish ◽  
Lewis E. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Taxonomic Relationship ◽  
Close Resemblance ◽  
First Time ◽  
Dicranum Scoparium ◽  
European Populations

The results of chromosome studies of five species of mosses from the Mont Tremblant area of Quebec are presented. The chromosome numbers of two species, Plagiothecium roeseanum (Hampe) B.S.G., with the number n = 20, and Polytrichum ohioense Ren. & Card., with the number n = 14, are reported for the first time. Both species are established tetraploids with no evidence of chromosome irregularities in meiosis. Chromosome numbers reported for the other three species are as follows: Dicranum rugosum (Hoffm.) Brid., n = 12; Dicranum scoparium Hedw., n = 12; and Plagiothecium denticulatum Hedw., n = 20. The population of D. rugosum that was studied did not possess small precociously separating bivalents as have been reported for European populations. The close resemblance of the chromosome complements of P. denticulatum and P. roeseanum is in line with the close taxonomic relationship between the two species. Cytotaxonomic implications are discussed under each species.

XVI.—Cytological Studies of Melaniidæ (Mollusca) with Special Reference to Parthenogenesis and Polyploidy. I. Oögenesis of the Parthenogenetic Species of Melanoides (Prosobranchia-Gastropoda)

1958 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Chiasma Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Metaphase Stage ◽  
Receptaculum Seminis ◽  
First Time ◽  
Potamopyrgus Jenkinsi

SynopsisA Study of the oögenesis and maturation in four species of melaniid snails, viz. Melanoides tuberculatus—diploid race 2n = 32, M. tuberculatus—polyploid race with 90-94 chromosomes, M. lineatus—polyploid with 71-73 chromosomes and M. scabra—polyploid with 76-78 chromosomes, showed these species to be thelytokous. These are instances of ameiotic parthenogenesis with two equational maturation divisions and are recorded for the first time in molluscs, the only other known instance in the animal kingdom being shown by the cockroach, Pycnoscelus surinamensis. The other parthenogenetic molluscs known so far, viz. Potamopyrgus jenkinsi and Campeloma rufum are also of the ameiotic type but have a single maturation division. No males were ever found in the diploid race of M. tuberculatus and in M. scabra. In the polyploid race of M. tuberculatus and in M. lineatus sporadic males occur, forming about 3 per cent of the population in the former and 0·01 per cent in the latter. Further evidence for ameiotic parthenogenesis is provided by the complete absence of sperms in the receptaculum seminis and brood pouch and also by the absence of sperm elements or any fusion of nuclei in the egg. The chromosome numbers in the different species have been determined from maturation metaphase and have been checked from first cleavage metaphase. Polyploidy is associated with parthenogenesis in three of these species.Oögonial cell divisions are generally absent. Only three oögonial metaphase plates were seen in the diploid race of M. tuberculatus and one in M. lineatus although a very large number of preparations of the ovary were examined. The author holds the view that the maturation prophase is the continuation of the oögonial early metaphase stage without intervening metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The prochromosomes seen in proleptotene stage are already split and the succeeding stages are characterized by the absence of zygotene, pachytene or any pairing and chiasma formation. Each split chromosome behaves functionally like a bivalent throughout maturation prophase and separates into daughter chromosomes at the first division. The second division is equational as in normal maturation.

Karyotype Analysis of Four Blind Snake Species (Reptilia: Squamata: Scolecophidia) and Karyotypic Changes in Serpentes

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 98-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumi Matsubara ◽  
Yoshinori Kumazawa ◽  
Hidetoshi Ota ◽  
Chizuko Nishida ◽  
Yoichi Matsuda
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Chromosome Pair ◽  
Karyotype Evolution ◽  
Karyotype Analysis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Gene Location ◽  
Z Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome 4 ◽  
Broad Distribution ◽  
Chromosome Fusions

The suborder Serpentes is divided into 2 infraorders, Scolecophidia and Alethinophidia, which diverged at an early stage of snake diversification. In this study, we examined karyotypes of 4 scolecophidian species (Letheobia simonii, Xerotyphlops vermicularis, Indotyphlops braminus, and Myriopholis macrorhyncha) and performed FISH with 18S-28S rDNA as well as microchromosomal and Z chromosome-linked genes of Elaphe quadrivirgata (Alethinophidia) to investigate the karyotype evolution in the scolecophidian lineage. Diploid chromosome numbers of X. vermicularis and L. simonii were 30 (16 macrochromosomes and 14 microchromosomes) and 32 (16 macrochromosomes and 16 microchromosomes), respectively. The karyotype of a female M. macrorhyncha consisted of 15 macrochromosomes and 19 microchromosomes, including a heterochromatic microchromosome, indicating the presence of a heteromorphic chromosome pair. E. quadrivirgata Z-linked genes mapped to chromosome 4 of M. macrorhyncha, not to the heteromorphic pair. Therefore, M. macrorhyncha may have differentiated ZW sex chromosomes which are not homologous to those of E. quadrivirgata. One of the E. quadrivirgata microchromosomal genes mapped to the terminal region of chromosome 4q in X. vermicularis, suggesting that fusions between microchromosomes and macrochromosomes occurred in this species. rDNA was localized in different macrochromosomal pairs in the 2 diploid scolecophidian snakes examined here, whereas the gene location in a microchromosomal pair was conserved in 5 alethinophidian species examined. These results might imply the occurrence of chromosome fusions in the scolecophidian lineages. In I. braminus, a unique parthenogenetic snake with a triploid karyotype (21 macrochromosomes and 21 microchromosomes), morphological heteromorphisms were identified in chromosomes 1 and 7. Such heteromorphisms in 2 chromosomes were also observed in individuals from distant locations in the broad distribution range of this species, suggesting that the heteromorphisms were fixed in the genome at an early stage of its speciation.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Insights of the ZW Sex Chromosomes in Snakes: A New Chapter Added by the Amazonian Puffing Snakes of the Genus Spilotes

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viana ◽  
Ezaz ◽  
de Bello Cioffi ◽  
Jackson Almeida ◽  
Feldberg
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Karyotype Evolution ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
W Chromosome ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetic ◽  
Shared Ancestry ◽  
Chromosomal Data ◽  
First Time

Amazonian puffing snakes (Spilotes; Colubridae) are snakes widely distributed in the Neotropical region. However, chromosomal data are scarce in this group and, when available, are only limited to karyotype description using conventional staining. In this paper, we focused on the process of karyotype evolution and trends for sex chromosomes in two Amazonian Puffer Snakes (S. pulllatus and S. sulphureus). We performed an extensive karyotype characterization using conventional and molecular cytogenetic approaches. The karyotype of S. sulphureus (presented here for the first time) exhibits a 2n = 36, similar to that previously described in S. pullatus. Both species have highly differentiated ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes, where the W chromosome is highly heterochromatic in S. pullatus but euchromatic in S. sulphureus. Both W chromosomes are homologous between these species as revealed by cross-species comparative genomic hybridization, even with heterogeneous distributions of several repetitive sequences across their genomes, including on the Z and on the W chromosomes. Our study provides evidence that W chromosomes in these two species have shared ancestry.

Darwin's two competing phylogenetic trees: marsupials as ancestors or sister taxa?

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. David Archibald
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
The Other ◽  
Charles Lyell ◽  
Single Origin ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Richard Owen ◽  
First Time

Studies of the origin and diversification of major groups of plants and animals are contentious topics in current evolutionary biology. This includes the study of the timing and relationships of the two major clades of extant mammals – marsupials and placentals. Molecular studies concerned with marsupial and placental origin and diversification can be at odds with the fossil record. Such studies are, however, not a recent phenomenon. Over 150 years ago Charles Darwin weighed two alternative views on the origin of marsupials and placentals. Less than a year after the publication of On the origin of species, Darwin outlined these in a letter to Charles Lyell dated 23 September 1860. The letter concluded with two competing phylogenetic diagrams. One showed marsupials as ancestral to both living marsupials and placentals, whereas the other showed a non-marsupial, non-placental as being ancestral to both living marsupials and placentals. These two diagrams are published here for the first time. These are the only such competing phylogenetic diagrams that Darwin is known to have produced. In addition to examining the question of mammalian origins in this letter and in other manuscript notes discussed here, Darwin confronted the broader issue as to whether major groups of animals had a single origin (monophyly) or were the result of “continuous creation” as advocated for some groups by Richard Owen. Charles Lyell had held similar views to those of Owen, but it is clear from correspondence with Darwin that he was beginning to accept the idea of monophyly of major groups.

Sphagnum mosses (Sphagnaceae, Bryophyta) of mires Chefandzar and Masota in North Ossetia (Caucasus)

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ya. Doroshina ◽  
I. A. Nikolajev
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
The Other ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Sphagnum Mosses ◽  
Greater Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
First Time ◽  
North Ossetia

Sphagnum mires on the Greater Caucasus are rare, characterized by the presence of relict plant communities of glacial age and are in a stage of degradation. The study of Sphagnum of Chefandzar and Masota mires is carried out for the first time. Seven species of Sphagnum are recorded. Their distribution and frequency within the North Caucasus are analyzed. Sphagnum contortum, S. platyphyllum, S. russowii, S. squarrosum are recorded for the first time for the study area and for the flora of North Ossetia. The other mosses found in the study area are listed.

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