scholarly journals Influence of environmental colors and long-term sex isolation on zebrafish shoaling behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-337
Author(s):  
Christian Lenzi ◽  
Chiara Grasso ◽  
Mircea Nicoara ◽  
Alexandra Savuca ◽  
Alin Ciobica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Male Fish ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Shoaling Behavior ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Complex Social Behavior ◽  
Selection Of

Zebrafish has a complex social behavior and little is known about the role of sexual preference and their environmental social interactions. In this study we investigated the potential influence of environmental colors and shoaling preferences of zebrafish male and female populations, with a focus on visual communication. Males and females were kept for 7 days in gender-isolated tanks, with a specific habitat color for each group: green for males and red for females. After the pre-test period, all the animals were kept separated and 8 noninvasive behavioral tests were conducted in a T-maze, with the application of different visual stimuli. We did not observe any clear influence of environmental coloring on social zebrafish choices. Significant sex-related differences were found in shoaling partner preference (i.e. same sex vs. other sex, one fish vs. three fish) as follows: females showed a tendency to avoid other females and spent more time with males. Male fish did not display a preference between one or three fish stimuli and they shoaled more with another male and less with a potential sexual partner. There was an obvious difference between males and females in responses and selection of shoaling partners.

Effect of long-term undernutrition on male and female rat diaphragm contractility, fatigue, and fiber types

1994 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 1540-1547 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Prezant ◽  
B. Richner ◽  
T. K. Aldrich ◽  
D. E. Valentine ◽  
E. I. Gentry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fatigue Resistance ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Diaphragm Atrophy

The effects of long-term undernutrition (10 wk) on diaphragm contractility, fatigue, and fiber type proportions were studied in male and female rats. Contractility and fatigue resistance indexes were measured in an in vitro diaphragm costal strip preparation by using direct stimulation at 37 degrees C. Undernutrition allowed for continued growth in males and females but with substantial reductions in weight gain. Relative to control rats of the same sex, final weights were significantly lower in undernourished males (74 +/- 3%) than females (90 +/- 5%), but weight gain was not significantly different between undernourished males (58 +/- 5%) and females (60 +/- 3%). Only in males did undernutrition significantly reduce costal diaphragm weight (to 77 +/- 5% of control). Diaphragm forces, normalized for cross-sectional area, were not significantly different from male or female control values. Fatigue resistance indexes (fatigue/baseline force) were increased at all stimulation frequencies in undernourished males but not in undernourished females. Costal diaphragm atrophy, involving types I and II fibers, occurred in undernourished males but not in undernourished females. In conclusion, despite long-term undernutrition reducing weight gain to similar levels in males and females (relative to control), there was excellent preservation of diaphragm weight, function, and structure in females but, although diaphragm atrophy occurred, there was preserved contractility and increased fatigue resistance in males.

Response of summerform pear psylla (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) to male- and female-produced odors

2011 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Guédot ◽  
David R. Horton ◽  
Peter J. Landolt
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Signals ◽  
Male Attraction ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Volatile Chemicals ◽  
Sex Attraction ◽  
Pear Psylla ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractWe examined the role of chemical signals in sex attraction of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster), assessing the response of summerform male and female psyllids to male- and female-produced volatile chemicals. Male psyllids were attracted to odors from live females and pentane extracts of females. Extracts of females were as attractive to males as live females, suggesting that the female-produced volatile chemicals responsible for male attraction might be isolated by extracting females with pentane. Females were not attracted to odorants from live females and tended to avoid odorants from extracts of females. Furthermore, summerform males and females were not attracted or repelled by male-produced odorants from live males or extracts of males. Results of olfactometer assays using male summerform C. pyricola are consistent with results from earlier studies with the winterform morphotype of this species.

You Can Tell by the Nose—Judging Sex from an Isolated Facial Feature

Perception ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 969-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward P Chronicle ◽  
Mei-Yin Chan ◽  
Charlotte Hawkings ◽  
Karen Mason ◽  
Kathryn Smethurst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Facial Feature ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Physical Variables ◽  
Female Subjects

Measurements taken from the nose are among the most important physical variables which discriminate statistically between male and female faces, yet several investigators have claimed that it is difficult to judge sex on the basis of noses presented in isolation. Previous work on the isolated nose has, however, involved the use of frontal views only, which may have obscured important physical differences between the noses of males and females. An investigation of the accuracy of judgments of the sex of isolated noses observed in frontal, profile, and three-quarter views by male and female subjects is reported. Judgment of sex was performed significantly more accurately than chance in all cases except for frontal views of female noses, where judgment was significantly less accurate than chance. Analysis of variance demonstrated a significant interaction of sex of nose and view of nose, such that male noses were identified better in frontal and in profile views, but female noses better in the three-quarter view. It is suggested that one possible reason for the seemingly contradictory role of the nose in previous studies of sex judgment is that all noses look more male in frontal views. For a nose to be perceived as female, its distinctive shape must be made available to the perceiver; this is most likely from the three-quarter view.

The interrelation of the angiotensin and endothelin systems on the modulation of NAD(P)H oxidaseThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special issue, entitled Young Investigator's Forum.

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc-André Laplante ◽  
Jacques de Champlain
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Anion ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Therapeutic Tools ◽  
Produce Superoxide Anion ◽  
Selection Of

The NAD(P)H oxidase is an enzyme assembled at the cellular membrane able to produce superoxide anion from NADH or NAD(P)H (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). It is one of the main sources of superoxide anion in cardiovascular tissues and its role in a variety of cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and endothelial dysfunction was recently proposed. Although, many factors and receptors were shown to lead to the activation of the enzyme, particulary the type 1 angiotensin receptor, the pathways involved are still widely unknown. Despite the identification of factors such as c-Src and protein kinase C implicated in the acute activation of NAD(P)H oxidase, the signalling involved in the sustained activation of the enzyme is probably far more complex than was previously envisioned. In this review, we describe the role of endothelin-1 in NAD(P)H oxidase signalling after a sustained stimulation by angiotensin II. Since most pathologies caused by an NAD(P)H oxidase overactivation develop over a relatively long period of time, it is necessary to better understand the long-term signalling of the enzyme for the development or use of more specific therapeutic tools.

Comparison of long-term feeding pattern between male and female Fischer 344 rats: influence of estrous cycle

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (2) ◽  
pp. R413-R419 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Laviano ◽  
M. M. Meguid ◽  
J. R. Gleason ◽  
Z. J. Yang ◽  
T. Renvyle
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Fischer 344 Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Fischer 344 ◽  
Males And Females

We studied the effect of gender on food intake, meal number, and meal size in eight 10-wk-old female and seven age-matched male Fischer 344 rats for 44 consecutive days. Although food intake (g/100 g body wt) was similar in males and females (5.42 +/- 0.10 vs. 5.13 +/- 0.13 g food.day-1.100 g body wt-1, respectively; not significant), weight gain in males was approximately seven times greater than in female rats (1.49 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.21 +/- 0.03 g/day, respectively; P < 0.001). During this time, males had a relatively constant food intake. They increased their meal size but decreased their meal number. In female rats, food intake was relatively stable for the duration of the study, despite cyclically and reciprocally recurring changes in meal number and meal size, which are synchronized with the estrous cycle. Data confirm that net food intake is a dynamic process and suggest that, in the rat, the homeostasis of food intake in response to external as well as internal stimuli is maintained via the modulation of meal number and size.

scholarly journals LMT USV Toolbox, a Novel Methodological Approach to Place Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Their Behavioral Contexts—A Study in Female and Male C57BL/6J Mice and in Shank3 Mutant Females

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrice de Chaumont ◽  
Nathalie Lemière ◽  
Sabrina Coqueran ◽  
Thomas Bourgeron ◽  
Elodie Ey
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Ultrasonic Vocalizations ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Phenotypic Marker ◽  
Require Time ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
High Level

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are used as a phenotypic marker in mouse models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, current methodologies still require time-consuming manual input or sound recordings clean of any background noise. We developed a method to overcome these two restraints to boost knowledge on mouse USVs. The methods are freely available and the USV analysis runs online at https://usv.pasteur.cloud. As little is currently known about usage and structure of ultrasonic vocalizations during social interactions over the long-term and in unconstrained context, we investigated mouse spontaneous communication by coupling the analysis of USVs with automatic labeling of behaviors. We continuously recorded during 3 days undisturbed interactions of same-sex pairs of C57BL/6J sexually naive males and females at 5 weeks and 3 and 7 months of age. In same-sex interactions, we observed robust differences between males and females in the amount of USVs produced, in the acoustic structure and in the contexts of emission. The context-specific acoustic variations emerged with increasing age. The emission of USVs also reflected a high level of excitement during social interactions. We finally highlighted the importance of studying long-term spontaneous communication by investigating female mice lacking Shank3, a synaptic protein associated with autism. While the previous short-time constrained investigations could not detect USV emission abnormalities, our analysis revealed robust differences in the usage and structure of the USVs emitted by mutant mice compared to wild-type female pairs.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMATION OF ADVERTISING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF NEW TRENDS OF CONSUMPTION AS A SOCIAL ACTION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetiana Reshetilova ◽  
◽  
Tetiana Kuvaieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Modern Information Technology ◽  
Ambiguous Situation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

The article is devoted to the study of advertising transformation under the influence of new trends of consumption as a social action. It is highlighted that the current socio-economic situation is creating new subjects for the analysis of already well-known objects. The place and role of advertising in modern society is certainly based on its market principles in the past, but today it is necessary to take into account a set of influencing factors that were previously mutually exclusive but are now indivisible. The greatest influence is exerted by the socio-cultural aspect of consumer behavior, which is based on values and motivators that come from the lifestyle in a qualitatively new external environment. It means that they are not limited to market transactions. Moreover, in today's conditions, social stratification has receded into the background and is not among the main factors of influence. This transformation of understanding the practice of consumption allows to reasonably recruit and use advertising tools to increase their effectiveness. It is determined that during forming an advertising campaign it is necessary to consider the impact on consumer behavior of modern information technology, namely the selection of the necessary information from the large amount that is available. A large amount of information creates an ambiguous situation for the consumer. This requires the integration of advertising tools. It is established that the parallel use of several advertising media allows to carry out the influence similarly to the technology of purposeful management. The availability of technical means that quickly realize the desire can be recommended for both long-term brand communication and for the short term.

scholarly journals The subtle spreading of sexist norms

2020 ◽  
pp. 136843022096183
Author(s):  
Namkje Koudenburg ◽  
Amke Kannegieter ◽  
Tom Postmes ◽  
Yoshihisa Kashima
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Substantial Influence ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Interaction Partners

Even when overt sexism and prejudice become rarer, social norms that perpetuate inequality are remarkably persistent. The present research lays out one of the subtle ways in which sexist norms may spread through society, by pointing to the role of responses to sexism. We investigate how third parties infer social norms about sexism when observing social interactions. In three studies among male students (Studies 1 and 2) and male and female students (Study 3), we demonstrate that subtle variations in how people respond to a sexist statement can have a substantial influence on inferences third parties make about sexist norms. Specifically, when a sexist statement is made and the conversation continues in a smoothly flowing fashion, third parties infer that this opinion is shared among interaction partners, perceived as appropriate, and that sexism is normative among them. However, when a sexist statement is followed by a brief silence that disrupts the flow of the conversation, observers think that it is contentious and that sexism is neither shared nor normative. Importantly, the effects of the manipulation generalized to the perception of sexist descriptive norms among male students in general. We conclude that social and cultural norms are not just inferred from conversation content, but also from conversational flow.

scholarly journals The possible role of hydration in concussions and long-term symptoms of concussion for athletes. A review of the evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 205970022093940
Author(s):  
James E Clark ◽  
Emily Sirois
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Head Trauma ◽  
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Membrane Dynamics ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Tissue Fluid ◽  
Selection Of

The purpose of this review is to address what is known, speculated, and hypothesized regarding the issue of hydration and concussions. Based on the question, “What impact does hydration have on the relative risk for suffering concussive injuries along with long-term ramifications that have been associated with concussive (and repeated subconcussive) traumas to the cerebral cortex?,” a search of available literature was performed through June 2019. Deducing from the available literature, we can stipulate that changes in hydration within the cerebral cortex increase the likelihood for disruption of neurofilament proteins, dysregulation of membrane dynamics of the neurons and exacerbate inflammation responses following head trauma. As such, it can be speculated that differences in incidence rates may be attributed to difference in tissue fluid based on athlete demographics, level of whole-body water balance, and degree of tissue dehydration more than selection of sport. Moreover, tissue hydration in combination with other inflammation factors provides the scaffolding for the development of long-term issues (e.g. chronic traumatic encephalopathy) associated with repetitive head trauma in athletes.

scholarly journals Sexually opposite effects of testosterone on mating success in wild rock hyrax

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1611-1617
Author(s):  
Lee Koren ◽  
Yishai Weissman ◽  
Inbar Schnitzer ◽  
Rosanne Beukeboom ◽  
Einat Bar Ziv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mate Guarding ◽  
Female Reproductive Success ◽  
Rock Hyrax ◽  
Proximate Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Procavia Capensis ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Although males and females share traits, their motivations and needs may be different, due to life-history disparities that lead to divergent selection pressures. Proximate mechanisms underlying differences between the sexes include hormones that mediate the development and activation of suites of traits. Testosterone is associated with morphological features, physiological processes, and social behaviors in both sexes. However, even if present in similar concentrations in the circulation, testosterone often affects males and females differently. We combined behavioral mating observations of the wild polygynandrous rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) with hair testosterone that represents long-term integrated levels. We found that whereas copulation success increases with the rise in testosterone in males it decreases in females. We did not find an association between testosterone and choosiness in either sex. However, we found that males with higher testosterone mate-guarded females with lower testosterone. Our findings show disassortative mating and mate-guarding in respect to testosterone and provide clues to the cost of testosterone for females, in terms of copulation success. These results open up intriguing questions relating to the role of testosterone in mediating a similar trade-off in male and female reproductive success.

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