scholarly journals Fungi associated with free-living soil nematodes in Turkey

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1173-1183
Author(s):  
Salih Karabörklü ◽  
Abdurrahman Ayvaz ◽  
Semih Yilmaz ◽  
Ugur Azizoglu
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Nematodes ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Fungal Strains

Free-living soil nematodes have successfully adapted world-wide to nearly all soil types from the highest to the lowest of elevations. In the current study, nematodes were isolated from soil samples and fungi associated with these free-living soil nematodes were determined. Large subunit (LSU) rDNAs of nematode-associated fungi were amplified and sequenced to construct phylogenetic trees. Nematode-associated fungi were observed in six nematode strains belonging to Acrobeloides, Steinernema and Cephalobus genera in different habitats. Malassezia and Cladosporium fungal strains indicated an association with Acrobeloides and Cephalobus nematodes, while Alternaria strains demonstrated an association with the Steinernema strain. Interactions between fungi and free-living nematodes in soil are discussed. We suggest that nematodes act as vectors for fungi.

scholarly journals Applicability of laser diffraction analyses in soil physics practice

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
András Makó ◽  
József Szabó ◽  
Zsófia Bakacsi ◽  
Sándor Koós ◽  
Gabriella Hauk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Laser Diffraction ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Diffraction Measurement ◽  
Boundary Values ◽  
Soil Physics ◽  
Soil Database ◽  
First Results

In this research we present the first results how can be used laser diffraction measurement in soil physics practice. The main goals are understanding differences of particle size distribution (PSD) measurments, developing converting methods of PSD data of different determinations. In order to realization of this survey a representative soil database of Hungarian soil types was built up. We compared PSDs of 157 soil samples measured with sieve-pipette method (SPM) and laser diffractometer technique (Malvern Mastersizer 2000) (LDM). Soil textural classes were also determined using the USDA texture triangle. We used the clay/silt fraction boundary values (clay < 0.0066 mm; silt: 0.0066 - 0.05 mm) introduced for the LDM data in order to take them comparable to PSD data determined by the SPM: We got higher similarities of clay and silt fractions of the modified size boundary values. For the used dataset correspondence of texture classes derived from SPM and LDM PSD data, however is not higher than 60%.

scholarly journals Relações entre características químicas do solo e crescimento de Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze., em Passo Fundo, RS

1983 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Carmeli Antonia Cassol ◽  
Ari Zago
Keyword(s):  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Araucaria Angustifolia ◽  
Gley Soil ◽  
Growth Variation ◽  
Chemical Soil

The present work shows chemical soil characteristics and growth in plantings of Araucaria angustifolia, implanted in different soil types, in Passo Fundo, RS National Forest.Soils types were classified as Latosol Roxo, Lithosol Eutrophic Soil and Low-Humic Gley. Soil samples were taken randomly at 0 - 20cm deep in 400 m² area square plots. The chemical characteristics of the studied soils were related to growth variables by simple linear correlation.According to the findings, the chemical soil chemical characteristics were not considered adequate parameters to explain the growth variation observed for Araucaria angustifolia.

scholarly journals Horizontal gene transfer of a unique nif island drives convergent evolution of free-living N2-fixing Bradyrhizobium

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinjin Tao ◽  
Sishuo Wang ◽  
Tianhua Liao ◽  
Haiwei Luo
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Horizontal Gene Transfer ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Genomic Context ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses ◽  
Conserved Gene

SummaryThe alphaproteobacterial genus Bradyrhizobium has been best known as N2-fixing members that nodulate legumes, supported by the nif and nod gene clusters. Recent environmental surveys show that Bradyrhizobium represents one of the most abundant free-living bacterial lineages in the world’s soils. However, our understanding of Bradyrhizobium comes largely from symbiotic members, biasing the current knowledge of their ecology and evolution. Here, we report the genomes of 88 Bradyrhizobium strains derived from diverse soil samples, including both nif-carrying and non-nif-carrying free-living (nod free) members. Phylogenomic analyses of these and 252 publicly available Bradyrhizobium genomes indicate that nif-carrying free-living members independently evolved from symbiotic ancestors (carrying both nif and nod) multiple times. Intriguingly, the nif phylogeny shows that all nif-carrying free-living members comprise a cluster which branches off earlier than most symbiotic lineages. These results indicate that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) promotes nif expansion among the free-living Bradyrhizobium and that the free-living nif cluster represents a more ancestral version compared to that in symbiotic lineages. Further evidence for this rampant HGT is that the nif in free-living members consistently co-locate with several important genes involved in coping with oxygen tension which are missing from symbiotic members, and that while in free-living Bradyrhizobium nif and the co-locating genes show a highly conserved gene order, they each have distinct genomic context. Given the dominance of Bradyrhizobium in world’s soils, our findings have implications for global nitrogen cycles and agricultural research.

scholarly journals Characterization and Phylogeny of Fungi from Industrial Wastewater Using Highly Conserved Multiple Gene Loci

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blessing Amaka Ezeonuegbu ◽  
Dauda Abdullahi Machido ◽  
Clement Z. Whong ◽  
Wisdom S. Japhet ◽  
Clement Ameh Yaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Fungal Dna Extraction

Abstract The aim of this study was isolation and molecular characterization of fungi from untreated industrial effluent by multigene phylogenetic analyses. The Fungi isolated were characterized based on PCR amplification and genomic sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), partial β-tubulin (Ben A), calmodulin (CaM), and DNA-directed RNA polymerase second large subunit (RPB2) genes, along with morphological characterization and species diversity. Fungal DNA extraction kits and primers sets for the selected genes were purchased and used following the manufacturer’s instructions. The obtained sequences were subjected to BLAST analysis and the corresponding fungal isolates were assigned species names after comparison with representative sequences available in GenBank. All the sequences from this study were deposited in GenBank and the accession number assigned. Phylogenetic trees of the fungal isolates were drawn for each gene by the Maximum Likelihood method using MEGA 7.0 software. Fifteen (15) Fungi species belonging to four genera of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium and Trichoderma with Aspergillus as the predominant genus were identified.

Aspergillus ustus. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Kozakiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Liver Transplant ◽  
Invasive Aspergillosis ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Cutaneous Infection ◽  
Aspergillus Ustus ◽  
Radio Equipment ◽  
Disseminated Aspergillosis

Abstract A description is provided for Aspergillus ustus. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Found in all soil types (DOMSCH et al., 1980), but also isolated from radio equipment, polyurethane foam, flannel bag, sugar and fermented cocoa (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999). DISEASE: On man it has been implicated in a case of primary cutaneous infection following a liver transplant (STILLER et al., 1994), isolated from invasive aspergillosis (VERWEU et al., 1999) and disseminated aspergillosis (IWEN et al., 1998). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, but with preference for tropical and subtropical regions.

scholarly journals Production, Characterization, and Industrial Application of Pectinase Enzyme Isolated from Fungal Strains

Fermentation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudeep KC ◽  
Jitendra Upadhyaya ◽  
Dev Raj Joshi ◽  
Binod Lekhak ◽  
Dhiraj Kumar Chaudhary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Concentration ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Pectinolytic Activity ◽  
Soluble Solid ◽  
Pectinase Enzyme ◽  
Pectinase Production ◽  
Potential Use

Pectinases are the group of enzymes that catalyze the degradation of pectic substances. It has wide applications in food industries for the production and clarification of wines and juices. The aim of this study was to isolate, screen and characterize pectinase from fungi isolated from various soil samples and evaluate its application in juice clarification. Fungal strains were isolated and screened primarily using 1% citruspectin incorporated potato dextrose agar (PDA) and secondarily using pectinase screening agar medium (PSAM) for pectinolytic organisms. The enzyme was produced by submerged state fermentation and assayed using the dinitro salicylic acid (DNS) method. From 20 different soil samples, 55 fungal isolates were screened primarily and, among them, only 14 isolates were subjected for secondary screening. Out of 14, only four strains showed the highest pectinolytic activity. Among four strains, Aspergillus spp. Gm showed the highest enzyme production at a 48-h incubation period, 1% substrate concentration, and 30 °C temperature. The thermal stability assessment resulted that the activity of pectinase enzyme declines by 50% within 10 min of heating at 60 °C. The optimum temperature, pH, and substrate concentration for the activity of enzyme was 30 °C (75.4 U/mL), 5.8 (72.3 U/mL), and 0.5% (112.0 U/mL), respectively. Furthermore, the yield of the orange juice, the total soluble solid (TSS), and clarity (% transmittance) was increased as the concentration of the pectinase increased, indicating its potential use in juice processing. Overall, the strain Aspergillus spp. Gm was identified as a potent strain for pectinase production in commercial scale.

Nematophagous fungi in pasture: colonisation of sheep faeces and their potential for control of free-living stages of gastro-intestinal nematode parasites of sheep

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Hay ◽  
J. H. Niezen ◽  
D. Leathwick ◽  
R. A. Skipp
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Nematophagous Fungi ◽  
Soil Nematodes ◽  
Arthrobotrys Oligospora ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Fungal Propagules ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Filter Type

Sheep faeces placed on a pasture in New Zealand in February and April were retrieved at intervals up to 28 days and examined for fungi that parasitise nematodes (nematophagous fungi). Monacrosporium haptotylum, Harposporium bysmatosporum, H. helicoides and a Nematoctonus sp. were present, respectively, in 37, 22, 13 and 8% of 283 samples retrieved in February and from 29, 14, 11 and 15% of 200 samples retrieved in April. Fungi entered faeces rapidly, being present in 35 and 54% of samples retrieved after 3 days in February and April, respectively. The ability of migrating soil nematodes to carry fungal propagules from soil into faeces was assessed in 2 laboratory experiments. Sheep faeces separated from soil by filters that allowed passage of both nematodes and fungi was colonised by H. helicoides more frequently than faeces on filters that excluded nematodes, indicating nematodes were vectors. However, Arthrobotrys oligospora, M. haptotylum and A. brochopaga occurred in faeces independently of filter type, indicating that these species grew into faeces. Two laboratory experiments examined the ability of nematophagous fungi, when inoculated into sheep faeces containing eggs of the gastro-intestinal nematode parasite Trichostrongylus colubriformis to reduce the number that developed to third-stage larvae. Monacrosporium gephyropagum, A. cladodes, A. conoides and A. oligospora reduced the number of third-stage larvae that emerged by 54–91% (P<0.05) in comparison to a control; however, M. haptotylum and H. bysmatosporum were ineffective. In a second experiment, several species of nematophagous fungi reduced the number of third-stage larvae that emerged by 41–96% (P<0.05) in comparison to a control, while others had no effect.

scholarly journals Cartography of Free-Living Amoebae in Soil in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) Using DNA Metabarcoding

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 440
Author(s):  
Yann Reynaud ◽  
Célia Ducat ◽  
Antoine Talarmin ◽  
Isabel Marcelino
Keyword(s):  
West Indies ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Dna Metabarcoding ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Les Saintes ◽  
Enrichment Step

Free-living amoebae (FLA) are ubiquitous protists. Pathogenic FLA such as N. fowleri can be found in hot springs in Guadeloupe, soil being the origin of this contamination. Herein, we analyzed the diversity and distribution of FLA in soil using a targeted metataxonomic analysis. Soil samples (n = 107) were collected from 40 sites. DNA was extracted directly from soil samples or from FLA cultivated at different temperatures (30, 37 and 44 °C). Metabarcoding studies were then conducted through FLA 18SrDNA amplicons sequencing; amplicon sequence variants (ASV) were extracted from each sample and taxonomy assigned against SILVA database using QIIME2 and SHAMAN pipelines. Vermamoeba were detected in DNA extracted directly from the soil, but to detect other FLA an amoebal enrichment step was necessary. V. vermiformis was by far the most represented species of FLA, being detected throughout the islands. Although Naegleria were mainly found in Basse-Terre region, N. fowleri was also detected in Grand Terre and Les Saintes Islands. Acanthamoeba were mainly found in areas where temperature is approx. 30 °C. Vannella and Vahlkampfia were randomly found in Guadeloupe islands. FLA detected in Guadeloupe include both pathogenic genera and genera that can putatively harbor microbial pathogens, therefore posing a potential threat to human health.

Evaluation of Various Soil Moisture Sensors in Four Different Soil Types

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 963-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonny José Araújo da Silva ◽  
Edna Maria Bonfim-Silva ◽  
Adriano Bicioni Pacheco ◽  
Thiago Franco Duarte ◽  
Helon Hébano de Freitas Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensors ◽  
Calibration Equations

Abstract.Accurate measurements of soil moisture content can contribute to resource conservation in irrigated systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate various soil moisture sensors (a porous cup tensiometer, Diviner 2000, PR2, XH300, PM100, and ML3; the mention of model names does not constitute an implied endorsement) used in four different soil types. The experiment was conducted inside a greenhouse using a specially constructed box that contained the soil samples. The soil samples were first saturated and subsequently drained before starting the measurements. The soil moisture content was determined by the oven-drying method. Using the standard deviation of the sensor readings, regression analyses were performed, resulting in calibration equations and coefficient of determination (R2) values for each sensor and soil type combination. The porous cup tensiometer, Diviner 2000, PR2, and ML3 measurements resulted in excellent R2 values that exceeded 0.95 for the four soils. However, measurements with the XH300 and PM100 sensors resulted in R2 values of 0.37 to 0.86 and 0.61 to 0.94, respectively, limiting their scientific applicability for the studied soils. Therefore, the porous cup tensiometer, Diviner 2000, PR2, and ML3 estimated the soil moisture content with greater confidence than did the other sensors and with an error of less than 5%. Keywords: Calibration, Tensiometer, Volumetric water content.

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