scholarly journals Enhancement of the reproductive potential of Mallada boninensis Okamoto (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), a predator of red spider mite infesting tea: An evaluation of artificial diets

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duraikkannu Vasanthakumar ◽  
Amsalingam Roobakkumar ◽  
Jasin Rahman ◽  
Pandian Kumar ◽  
Chandran Sundaravadivelan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Artificial Diets ◽  
High Fecundity ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Red Spider Mite ◽  
Significant Difference

Green lacewing Mallada boninensis is an important predator of various soft-bodied arthropods, including red spider mites in tea. Efforts were made to develop mass rearing technology for this predator in a cost effective manner. Three combinations of artificial diets (Protinex (AD1), egg yolk (AD2) and royal jelly (AD3) based) were evaluated in comparison with standard diet (Protinex + Honey). All the tested diets influenced the egg-laying capacity of M. boninensis. The egg yolk-based diet resulted in more egg production than the other two diets. Survival of all life stages of M. boninensis was also observed on each diet and no significant difference was noticed. Results revealed that the egg yolk-based diet is the best of the three diet combinations tested in view of high fecundity and survival rate of M. boninensis.

The influence of nutrition on egg-production and longevity in unmated female body-lice (Pediculus humanus corporis: Anoplura)

Parasitology ◽  
1941 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Haddow
Keyword(s):  
Female Body ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
The Body ◽  
Unmated Female ◽  
Pediculus Humanus ◽  
The Third ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Body Lice

1. Isolated unmated female body-lice were worn in pillboxes between the skin and the clothes. They were kept constantly on the body but, by a simple device, groups of ten were permitted feeding periods of different length. These groups were fed for 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hr. per day respectively. Another group of ten were never allowed to feed after the last moult.2. Some of the figures for egg yield were high. Lice in the 24 hr. group were able to maintain a rate of ten eggs per day for 4−5 days at a time.3. No significant difference in longevity or rate of egg-laying was found to exist between the 12, 16, 20 and 24 hr. groups nor between the 4 and 8 hr. groups but a pronounced and significant difference exists between the 8 and 12 hr. groups. Below 12 hr. there is a sharp fall in longevity and rate of egg production. The unfed group all died, without laying, on the third day.4. The rate of laying as shown by the mode increases progressively with increase in time allowed daily for feeding.5. With regard to the mean eggs per louse the position is less clear. It is felt that the 24 hr. group may differ significantly from the 12, 16 and 20 hr. groups but this is uncertain.

scholarly journals Colour and viscosity of egg yolk after addition of beetroot to feed for laying hens

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Vladimír Kopřiva ◽  
Pavel Suchý ◽  
Eva Straková ◽  
Michal Žďárský ◽  
Petr Dvořák
Keyword(s):  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Food Technology ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Preparatory Phase ◽  
The Difference

The colour and viscosity of egg yolk are among major indicators assessed by consumers and food technology. This study attempts to evaluate the colour and viscosity of yolk in laying hens’ eggs after the addition of dried beetroot (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. esculenta var. rubra) at the amount of 1% and 2% per feeding dose (in July and August 2012). The experiment was performed on 24 hens that were divided into three groups of 8 laying hens. The preparatory phase lasted one week (standard diet), followed by four weeks during which experimental layers received a diet enriched with beetroot. Then, all layers were fed a mixture without beetroot for the following four weeks. Eggs were collected during the whole period of 8 weeks. In total, 30 eggs from each group were subjected to analysis. The colour of eggs was determined using spectrophotometry, by the Colour-guide sphere spex portable colorimeter. The results showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in value L* of yolk colour in experimental groups whereas values a* and b* (indicators of the international colorimetric scale CIELAB) did not vary significantly. Similarly, specific purity C*ab did not show a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the control and experimental groups. The egg yolk viscosity was lower in experimental groups compared to the control group but the difference was not significant. The addition of dried beetroot at the amount of 1 and 2% per feeding dose had no effect on colour and viscosity. This paper supported the null hypothesis that the addition of dried beetroot to the feeding dose at the amount of 1% and 2% has no effect on the colour and viscosity of egg yolk.

Contrasting fecundity, size at maturity and reproductive potential of southern rock lobster Jasus edwardsii in two South Australian fishing regions

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Linnane ◽  
S.S. Penny ◽  
T.M. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Rock Lobster ◽  
Commercial Catch ◽  
Southern Zone ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Jasus Edwardsii

The annual commercial catch from the Southern Zone of the South Australian rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) fishery is ~1900 tonnes, representing ~50% of total landings from south-east Australia. A single minimum legal size (MLS) of 98.5 mm carapace length (CL) exists across the entire zone. Fecundity (F), size at onset of maturity (SOM) and relative reproductive potential (RRP) of female rock lobsters were investigated in two major fishing regions, i.e. the North Southern Zone (NSZ) and South Southern Zone (SSZ) with a view to providing a basis for future fine-scale spatial management of the resource. F ranged from 45,292 to 466,800 eggs per female and increased proportionally with CL according to the relationship: F = 0.0584 × CL3.1642. F was significantly higher in the NSZ compared to the SSZ but was attributed to differences in lobster size between regions. There was no significant difference in the number of eggs · g−1 of egg mass between areas. SOM, estimated as the size at which 50% of females reached sexual maturity (L50) was higher in the NSZ (104.1 mm CL) compared to SSZ (92.3 mm CL). Approximately 20% of lobsters above the MLS in the commercial catch in the NSZ were under the L50 estimate. RRP, as a measure of egg production, was calculated for each size-class from the product of F, SOM and population length–frequency. The modal RRP size-classes in the NSZ were 117.5–122.5 mm CL, while in the SSZ it was 97.5–102.5 mm CL. Only 6% of RRP was contributed by female rock lobsters below the MLS in the NSZ, compared to 34% in the SSZ. Regional differences in SOM and RRP in the Southern Zone of South Australia suggest that different MLSs may be beneficial, particularly if the fishery is to be effectively managed at finer spatial scales.

scholarly journals Manganese in the nutrition and metabolism of the pullet

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 635-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Mathers ◽  
R. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body

1. Groups of pullets were given a diet of high (106–107 μg/g) or low (6–7 μg/g) manganese content and killed either before sexual maturity, at the point-of-lay or after a 6- to 7-month laying period. The birds were dissected into six tissue fractions: skeleton, liver, kidney, ovary and oviduct, skin and feathers, and muscle with remaining tissue. Total Mn and concentration of Mn as μg/g dry fat-free tissue were determined for each fraction.2. There were no differences in live weight attributable to level of dietary Mn, and no differences in egg production.3. Mean total body Mn varied among groups over a fairly narrow range (528–738 μg), with the exception of birds given the high-Mn diet throughout the experiment, in which the mean was 2319 μg. This represented an increase in Mn content during egg laying of 244%. There was no significant difference in the Mn content of birds given the low-Mn diet whether they were killed at the point-of-lay or after the laying period.4. The effects of treatment on the weight of Mn in each of the tissue fractions are described. The very large increase in total Mn that occurred during egg production in birds given the high-Mn diet was accounted for largely by the increase in skin and feathers (1072 μg Mn).5. In general terms, the Mn content of liver, kidney and ovary and oviduct together constituted only just over 10% of total body Mn, the remainder being distributed about equally among skeleton, skin and feathers, and muscle with remaining tissue.6. There was a close parallel between the concentration of Mn of a tissue and the total weight of Mn it contained except in certain instances when stage of maturity or egg production influenced weight of the tissue.7. The effects of treatments on the Mn contents of these birds are discussed in relation to the retention of dietary Mn, and the withdrawal from and accumulation of Mn in individual tissues and the whole body.

scholarly journals EDIBLEEGGQUALITYWHENIODINEISINTRODUCEDINTOLAYINGHENBODY

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
L.V. Rastopshina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Egg White ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trace Element Deficiency

The Altai Region along with the regions of the Siberian Federal District belongs to the zone with trace element deficiency including iodine deficiency. The research goal was to study the effect of iodine on edible egg quality of laying hens of the Rodonit cross. At the final stage of egg-laying, 4 groups of 4 laying hens were formed. No iodine was administered to the hens of the 1st control group. Starch-based iodine product was administered to the birds of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th trial groups into the lower third of the neck, under the wing and into the rump area in a dose of 1.5 mg per head. The egg production intensity in the trial groups was higher by 21.3-28.8%. Egg weight in the 1st control group was 65.6 ± 1.33g which was lower than that in the trial groups by 4.4% (2nd group); 3.7% (3rd group) and 1.5% 4th group). All eggs belonged to “select” grade. The 3rd and 4th trial groups had less egg white by 3.8 and 2.7%; the egg-yolk content increases in the eggs of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th trial groups by 1.2%, 9.4% and 2.4%, respectively, and the eggshell weight by 1.2-9.4% as com-pared to the control. The ratio of egg white and egg-yolk weight in the eggs of the trial groups was lower than in the control group by 9.38-19.29%, but the ratio of egg-yolk to egg white was by 10.4-23.9% higher. The following indices were higher in the trial groups as compared to the control: egg white index -by 1.4-17.1%; egg-yolk -by 3.2-6.4%; Haugh unit -by 7.2-11.1%; eggshell thickness -by 3.9-8.3%. The best results were obtained with the administra-tion of iodine to the hens in the region of the lower third of the neck. The enrichment of the body of laying hens of the Rodonit cross with iodine makes it possible to obtain the profitability of edible egg production at the level of 28.6-41.0%.

Effects of Different Molting Procedures on Incidence of Salmonella Infection in Flocks of Naturally Contaminated Laying Hens in a Commercial Egg-Producing Farm by Detection of Yolk Antibodies to Salmonella in Eggs

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 2883-2888 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOSHIYUKI MURASE ◽  
KAORI CHIBA ◽  
TOMOKO SATO ◽  
KOICHI OTSUKI ◽  
PETER S. HOLT
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Feed Withdrawal ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Egg Yolks

Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been applied to detect immunoglobulin Y antibodies to different serotypes of Salmonella in the yolks of chicken eggs with heat-extracted antigens of Salmonella enterica serotypes Agona (SA), Cerro (SC), Enteritidis (SE), Montevideo (SM), and Putten (SP). The egg yolk samples examined were classified as positive if their ELISA absorbance values exceeded the value for eggs from specific-pathogen-free flocks by more than two standard deviations. Of 30 egg yolk samples from three flocks vaccinated with a killed SE vaccine, 29 were antibody positive by the ELISA assay for the SE antigen. Four to 29 of the 29 yolk samples showed positive results for the other serovars, although the absorbance values for SE were higher than those obtained for the other serotypes in each of the yolk samples. All 30 yolks from three flocks that were not administered any SE vaccines were found to be antibody negative for SE, and two samples were determined to be positive for SC. Thirty-nine or 40 eggs were obtained from each of four layer flocks in a commercial egg production farm where the laying houses were naturally contaminated with SA, SC, SM, SP, Salmonella serovar Infantis (SI), and untypeable strains. The ELISA absorbance values for SM in the egg yolks obtained from the two flocks molted through feed withdrawal when the birds restarted laying were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher than those observed in the yolks obtained before the molt. In egg yolks from the two other flocks that were molted through a wheat bran diet, there was no significant difference between the absorbance values before and after the molt. The observations in the present study provide further evidence to suggest that a molt initiated through the administration of a wheat bran diet can reduce the risk for Salmonella problems in a commercial egg-producing setting.

Reproductive Potential of Florida Populations of Diaprepes abbreviates (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-266
Author(s):  
Herbert N. Nigg ◽  
Sam E. Simpson ◽  
Robin J. Stuart ◽  
Likui K. Yang ◽  
R. C Adair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Laboratory Population ◽  
Diaprepes Abbreviatus ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
The Mean

We examined the reproductive potential of field populations from five Florida geographical locations and one laboratory population of Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.). The life span for female weevils taken from field populations ranged from 116 to 300 d compared to 268 to 330 d for the laboratory population. Field-collected females oviposited a maximum of 11,414 eggs in 181 egg masses. The laboratory population produced a maximum of 20,048 eggs in 265 egg masses and may have been selected for egg production. The mean number of eggs, egg masses, and eggs/mass declined with female age for the laboratory-reared population. Compared to previous studies, our data increased the estimate of the maximum egg laying potential of individual females in field populations of D. abbreviatus from 7,000 to about 11,000 eggs. However, over a 6-wk period, the estimated life span for adults in the field, there was no difference in mean egg production between populations, and the overall mean ± S.E. was only 1954 ± 102 eggs (n = 184). Our data confirmed previous reports that females require fertilization by a male for egg development into a first-instar larva.

Comparative Serum Biochemical Profile for Different Breeds of Ducks versus White Leghorn Chickens in Peak Laying Period

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajashree Rath ◽  
B. Panigrahi ◽  
S. K. Mishra ◽  
C. R. Pradhan ◽  
A. Maity ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Biochemical Profile ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
Serum Biochemical Profile ◽  
Almost All

An investigation was carried out to compare the serum biochemical profile of two prominent avian species: ducks vis a vis chickens, at peak egg production phases. The genotypes consisted of 3 breeds of ducks: Khaki Campbell, White Pekins and a native duck breed: Kuzhi (reared in Odisha and adjoining regions) and besides the White Leghorn chickens, at 50 week age, numbering 30 each, with rearing done in individual cages. The result revealed significant (p>0.0001) genotype-associated differences for almost all the serum biochemical parameters, except globulin. There existed a significant (p>0.0001) difference between the species (duck verses chicken) for these parameters, with distinct inter-breed variations. Among the lipid profile HDL of ducks remained comparable to that of chickens, with the indigenous Kuzhi ducks displaying the most desirable lipid-profile of all the genotypes except LDL. The serum liver-enzymes (SGOT and SGPT) were well within normal ranges, expected or laying birds with significant difference between species, with between-breed variations among ducks. It was concluded that, ducks had significantly-distinct and variant serum biochemical profiles compared to chickens, where the indigenous ducks (of Odisha region) possessed the most- desirable estimates, as expected from table- egg laying species.

Influence of spinosad on the reproductive potential of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) infesting wheat

ENTOMON ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-258
Author(s):  
Umme Habiba ◽  
Wahedul Islam ◽  
Selina Parween
Keyword(s):  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
F2 Generation ◽  
Number Of Males ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Spinodad of different concentrations were screened against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) reared on four local wheat varieties to observed the effects on reproductive potentials for two successive generations.The lowest number of eggs laid was 119 (23.80±0.97) observed in Shatabdi- 21 (S-21) in 45 d in F1 and 15 (3.00±0.71) in 15 d in F2 generation when treated at 0.12ìl/g of spinosad. Spinosad at all concentration totally inhibited egg laying oroviposition rate on day 45 in all wheat varieties except P-24 variety in F1 generation.The lowest fertility was found in Shatabdi-21 variety as 12.61percent in F1 and 6.67 percent in F2 generation at 0.12ìl/g.The latent effect of spinosad on number of eggs, larva, pupa and adult obtained in Shatabdi-21 as 2.00±0.32,0.80±0.37, 0.40±0.40 and 0.20±0.20 at 0.12ìl/g of spinosad in F2 generation.There was no significant difference between the number of males and females in F2 generation wheat varieties. Spinosad ultimately reduced the fecundity, fertility and decreased the egg to adult survivability in four wheat varieties compared to control and F1 and F2 generations. Results of the research revealed that comparatively higher concentrations of spinosad that used in this study would potentially control development and reproductive potentiality of T. castaneum in wheat varieties.

The habitat templet and life history strategies of pond skaters (Heteroptera: Gerridae): reproductive potential, phenology, and wing dimorphism

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 2432-2447 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Spence
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Mendelian Inheritance ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Wing Dimorphism ◽  
Temporary Habitats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Habitat Templet ◽  
The Impact

Reproductive traits, diapause, and wing dimorphism of four pond skater species occurring in central Alberta, Canada, are explained as adaptive responses to a complex of habitat features. Species using temporary habitats had greater fecundity, but habitat permanence alone was a poor predictor of reproductive longevity, preoviposition period, or reproductive rate. Fecundity and longevity were significantly lower and more variable in direct than in diapaused breeders. There was no geographical or annual variation in fecundity, suggesting that values observed are good measures of reproductive potential. Overwintered females of species from temporary habitats (Gerris buenoi and Limnoporus dissortis) lived longer than those from more permanent habitats (G. comatus and G. pingreensis), and, concomitantly, are able to spread reproduction over several ponds. Proportion of summer-generation bugs breeding without diapause was inversely related to habitat permanence for the Gerris species, but few nondiapause breeders occurred in L. dissortis. Diapause was not averted consistently by exposure to increasing long-day photoperiods, and sensitive stage for diapause induction varied within all species. In G. pingreensis and L. dissortis many individuals reaching the adult and fifth instar by the solstice diapaused. Diapause and wing morphism were associated only loosely in the dimorphic species. Many apterous G. pingreensis entered diapause despite early emergence. Wing morph in G. pingreensis is determined genetically but is not based in simple Mendelian inheritance. Flightless bugs occur mainly among direct breeders in G. buenoi and G. comatus but many direct breeders were macropterous. Wing morph is influenced by a photoperiod switch in G. buenoi, but there is also genetic variation. There was no significant difference in total fecundity, longevity, or juvenile development time between wing morphs of the same generation in either G. buenoi or G. pingreensis. However, flightless females had shorter preoviposition periods, leading to greater egg production over the first 20 days of reproductive life. Gerrid life histories are adaptions to a complex of factors, including but not confined to habitat stability. Other aspects of the habitat templet such as the impact of natural enemies and food input should be considered.

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