scholarly journals Song discrimination by male Mourning Warblers (Geothlypis philadelphia) and implications for population divergence across the breeding range

2015 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 408
Author(s):  
Jay Pitocchelli
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Breeding Range ◽  
Song Discrimination ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Song Playback

Geographic variation in song may reduce or eliminate the ability of some populations to recognize each other as conspecifics, possibly leading to assortative mating, reproductive isolation, and speciation. Song playback experiments, used to evaluate the significance of geographic variation in song, have been particularly useful in discovering divergence among previously unknown populations of sibling species. In this study, I report the results of song playback to male Mourning Warblers (Geothlypis philadelphia) from populations throughout the breeding range and discuss the implications for population divergence. Four regions in the breeding range contain unique song types or regiolects: western, eastern, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. Results of reciprocal song playback experiments showed that males from the western and Newfoundland regiolects respond more aggressively to songs in their own regiolect than those in the other regiolects. Interior populations, i.e., eastern and Nova Scotia regions, showed little or no difference in aggressive response toward their own versus other regiolects. This pattern may be due to a combination of geographic proximity of populations belonging to different regiolects, song learning, experience, and contact during migration. Song discrimination by populations from the western Prairie Provinces and Newfoundland is consistent with the existence of at least partial reproductive isolation at the geographic extremes of the breeding range.

Response of Male Indigo and Lazuli Buntings and Their Hybrids To Song Playback in Allopatric and Sympatric Populations

Behaviour ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 119 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 225-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myron Charles Baker
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Male Response ◽  
Passerina Cyanea ◽  
Song Playback

AbstractThe hybridizing semispecies indigo and lazuli buntings (Passerina cyanea, P. amoena) were studied in song playback experiments in allopatric and sympatric populations. In allopatry, males of both species responded strongly to conspecific and weakly to heterospecific songs. In sympatry, indigo, lazuli and hybrid males reacted equally and strongly to both indigo and lazuli songs. Alteration of song structures, by presenting indigo syllables in lazuli temporal pattern and lazuli syllables in indigo temporal pattern, showed that the response of allopatric indigo and lazuli males was determined primarily by syllabic (phonological) cues in the test songs and not by the temporal pattern. The overall pattern of male response in sympatry and allopatry provides some understanding of the observed degree of reproductive isolation between these species.

scholarly journals Adaptive zones shape the magnitude of premating reproductive isolation in Timema stick insects

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1806) ◽  
pp. 20190541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Muschick ◽  
Víctor Soria-Carrasco ◽  
Jeffrey L. Feder ◽  
Zach Gompert ◽  
Patrik Nosil
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Host Use ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Stick Insects ◽  
Ecological Shifts

Simpson's fossil-record inspired model of ‘adaptive zones’ proposes that evolution is dominated by small fluctuations within adaptive zones, occasionally punctuated by larger shifts between zones. This model can help explain why the process of population divergence often results in weak or moderate reproductive isolation (RI), rather than strong RI and distinct species. Applied to the speciation process, the adaptive zones hypothesis makes two inter-related predictions: (i) large shifts between zones are relatively rare, (ii) when large shifts do occur they generate stronger RI than shifts within zones. Here, we use ecological, phylogenetic and behavioural data to test these predictions in Timema stick insects. We show that host use in Timema is dominated by moderate shifts within the systematic divisions of flowering plants and conifers, with only a few extreme shifts between these divisions. However, when extreme shifts occur, they generate greater RI than do more moderate shifts. Our results support the adaptive zones model, and suggest that the net contribution of ecological shifts to diversification is dependent on both their magnitude and frequency. We discuss the generality of our findings in the light of emerging evidence from diverse taxa that the evolution of RI is not always the only factor determining the origin of species diversity. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Towards the completion of speciation: the evolution of reproductive isolation beyond the first barriers’.

The Incidence of Nematodes in the Fillets of Small God from Lockeport, Nova Scotia, and the Southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence

1959 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Scott ◽  
W. R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Local Variation ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Magdalen Islands

The incidence of nematodes in fillets of Atlantic cod (Gadus callarias) was determined in 1957 in four areas within 10 miles of Lockeport, N.S., and in six areas in the southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence. About 1,500 cod, mostly between 1 and 6 years of age, were examined. All nematodes examined (517) were larvae. About 97% belonged to the genus Porrocaecum; the remainder appeared to belong to the genus Anisakis. In all areas there was a progressive increase in incidence with increasing age of cod. In age-groups IV and V usually more than 70% of the cod were infected. Considerable local variation in incidence was observed in the Lockeport region. Cod were more heavily infected in inshore than in offshore waters. The samples from the Gulf of St. Lawrence showed less geographic variation in incidence than the Lockeport samples. The incidence in cod from the Magdalen Islands was noticeably lower than that in cod from the New Brunswick shore. Cod in the Gulf of St. Lawrence were infected to about the same extent as those from the offshore areas near Lockeport. The relation between local variations in incidence and the distribution of seals is briefly discussed.

Female preference for fly song: playback experiments confirm the targets of sexual selection

1998 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 713-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL G RITCHIE ◽  
RICHARD M TOWNHILL ◽  
ANNELI HOIKKALA
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Female Preference ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Song Playback

GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE SONG OF CARDINALS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Lemon
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Syllable Type ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Song Types

Songs from 95 cardinals, Richmondena cardinalis, in 15 localities in Ontario were recorded on tape and analyzed by a sonagraph. These showed maxima of 9 to 13 syllables, per bird per locality, organized into 8 to 11 song types. The syllables and song types of any bird in a locality were similar to others in the locality. These, in turn, often differed from those of other localities in "pronunciation" of syllables, in the presence of more than one variant of a particular syllable type, in the presence or absence of certain syllables, and by different combinations of the syllables in song types. In spite of differences in dialect between localities, many syllables and song types were widespread throughout Ontario. Recordings from approximately 130 birds in Ohio, Florida, Texas, and Mexico showed that certain syllables occurred in more than one region, although the further from Ontario, the fewer were the syllables in common with it.It is concluded that dialects have arisen from the combined influences of fidelity to a locality by adults, learning of song by young from adults, and variation from several sources, involving learning, dispersal, and possibly innate factors. No conclusions are reached concerning similarities and differences among widely separated areas, although some influences are considered.

scholarly journals Ancestral and neo-sex chromosomes contribute to population divergence in a dioecious plant

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix E.G. Beaudry ◽  
Spencer C.H. Barrett ◽  
Stephen I. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Dioecious Plant ◽  
Fusion Event ◽  
Contemporary Gene Flow

ABSTRACTEmpirical evidence from several animal groups suggests that sex chromosomes may disproportionately contribute to reproductive isolation. This occurs particularly when sex chromosomes are associated with turnover of sex determination systems resulting from structural rearrangements to the sex chromosomes. We investigated these predictions in the dioecious plant Rumex hastatulus, which is comprised of populations of two sex chromosome cytotypes. Using population genomic analyses, we investigated the demographic history of R. hastatulus and explored the contributions of ancestral and neo-sex chromosomes to population genetic divergence. Our study revealed that the cytotypes represented genetically divergent populations with evidence for historical but not contemporary gene flow between them. In agreement with classical predictions, we found that the ancestral X chromosome was disproportionately divergent compared with the rest of the genome. Excess differentiation was also observed on the Y chromosome, even when using measures of differentiation that control for differences in effective population size. Our estimates of the timing of the origin of the neo-sex chromosomes in R. hastatulus are coincident with cessation of gene flow, suggesting that the chromosomal fusion event that gave rise to the origin of the XYY cytotype may have also been a key driver of reproductive isolation.

scholarly journals Discovery of an acoustically locating parasitoid with a potential role in divergence of song types among sympatric populations of the bush cricket Mecopoda elongata

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-186
Author(s):  
Rochishnu Dutta ◽  
Manjunatha Reddy ◽  
Tom Tregenza
Keyword(s):  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Intraspecific Divergence ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Chemical Profiles ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Bush Cricket

The bush cricket Mecopoda elongata provides a striking example of sympatric intraspecific divergence in mating signals. Five completely distinct song types are found in various parapatric and sympatric locations in South India. While there is convincing evidence that population divergence in M. elongata is being maintained as a result of divergence in acoustic signals, cuticular chemical profiles, and genital characters, the causes of the evolution of such divergence in the first place are unknown. We describe the discovery of a tachinid parasitoid with an orthopteroid hearing mechanism affecting M. elongata. This parasitoid may have a role in driving the extraordinary divergence that had occurred among M. elongata song types. Over two years we sampled individuals of three sympatric song types in the wild and retained individuals in captivity to reveal rates of parasitization. We found that all three song types were infected with the parasitoid but that there were significant differences among song types in their probability of being infected. The probability of tachinid parasitization also differed between the two sampling periods. Therefore, it is possible that parasitoid infection plays a role in song type divergence among sympatric bush cricket populations.

scholarly journals Geographic Song Variation and its Consequences in the Golden Bowerbird

The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 750-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Westcott ◽  
Frederieke J. Kroon
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Song Variation ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

Abstract Geographic variation in birdsong is known from a variety of taxa, but is especially common and most frequently reported in passerines with resource-based territorial mating systems. To date, relatively little data have been presented on patterns of song variation in species with lek and leklike mating systems. In this paper, we describe geographic song variation in the Golden Bowerbird (Prionodura newtonia) a species with a leklike mating system. We compared recordings of the species advertisement song, collected from five isolated forest blocks from across the species range in northeastern Australia. Golden Bowerbird advertisement song shows marked geographic variation in form. All males within a population sing a song similar to each other, but distinct from that of males from other locations. The song traits important in discriminating between the songs of the different populations were bandwidth, number of peaks, dominant frequency, fundamental frequency, internote interval, and pureness. Discriminant function analyses based on these traits were highly accurate in assigning songs to their population of origin. We then used playback experiments to test whether geographic song variation in Golden Bowerbirds is functional. In the playback experiments males responded more strongly to song from local dialects than from foreign dialects. We discuss our results in light of current hypotheses on the evolution of geographic song variation. Variación Geográfica del Canto y Sus Consecuencias en Prionodura newtonia Resumen. La variación geográfica del canto de las aves es conocida para muchos taxa, pero es especialmente común en paserinos con sistemas reproductivos territoriales basados en la disponibilidad de recursos. Hasta ahora, se han presentado relativamente pocos datos sobre la variación del canto en especies con un sistema reproductivo con asambleas de cortejo (lek) y con sistemas reproductivos similares al tipo lek. En este trabajo, describimos las variaciones geográficas del canto de Prionodura newtonia, una especie que presenta un sistema reproductivo del tipo lek. Comparamos grabaciones de los cantos de anuncio, colectados en cinco bosques aislados a lo largo del rango geográfico de la especie en el noreste de Australia. El canto de anuncio de P. newtonia mostró una marcada variación geográfica en cuanto a la forma. Todos los machos pertenecientes a una misma población cantaron de forma similar entre ellos, pero difirieron de machos pertenecientes a otras poblaciones. Los caracteres importantes que permitieron discriminar los cantos de las diferentes poblaciones fueron el ancho de la banda, el número de picos, la frecuencia dominante y fundamental, el intervalo entre notas, y la pureza. Los análisis de función discriminante basados en estos caracteres fueron altamente precisos en asignar los cantos a sus poblaciones de origen. Luego, utilizamos experimentos de play-back para probar si la variación geográfica del canto en esta especie es funcional. En los experimentos de play-back los machos respondieron más fuertemente a los cantos de los dialectos locales que a los extranjeros. Discutimos nuestros resultados en relación a las hipótesis actuales respecto a la evolución de la variación geográfica del canto.

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