GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE SONG OF CARDINALS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Lemon
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Syllable Type ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Song Types

Songs from 95 cardinals, Richmondena cardinalis, in 15 localities in Ontario were recorded on tape and analyzed by a sonagraph. These showed maxima of 9 to 13 syllables, per bird per locality, organized into 8 to 11 song types. The syllables and song types of any bird in a locality were similar to others in the locality. These, in turn, often differed from those of other localities in "pronunciation" of syllables, in the presence of more than one variant of a particular syllable type, in the presence or absence of certain syllables, and by different combinations of the syllables in song types. In spite of differences in dialect between localities, many syllables and song types were widespread throughout Ontario. Recordings from approximately 130 birds in Ohio, Florida, Texas, and Mexico showed that certain syllables occurred in more than one region, although the further from Ontario, the fewer were the syllables in common with it.It is concluded that dialects have arisen from the combined influences of fidelity to a locality by adults, learning of song by young from adults, and variation from several sources, involving learning, dispersal, and possibly innate factors. No conclusions are reached concerning similarities and differences among widely separated areas, although some influences are considered.

scholarly journals Song discrimination by male Mourning Warblers (Geothlypis philadelphia) and implications for population divergence across the breeding range

2015 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 408
Author(s):  
Jay Pitocchelli
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Breeding Range ◽  
Song Discrimination ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Song Playback

Geographic variation in song may reduce or eliminate the ability of some populations to recognize each other as conspecifics, possibly leading to assortative mating, reproductive isolation, and speciation. Song playback experiments, used to evaluate the significance of geographic variation in song, have been particularly useful in discovering divergence among previously unknown populations of sibling species. In this study, I report the results of song playback to male Mourning Warblers (Geothlypis philadelphia) from populations throughout the breeding range and discuss the implications for population divergence. Four regions in the breeding range contain unique song types or regiolects: western, eastern, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. Results of reciprocal song playback experiments showed that males from the western and Newfoundland regiolects respond more aggressively to songs in their own regiolect than those in the other regiolects. Interior populations, i.e., eastern and Nova Scotia regions, showed little or no difference in aggressive response toward their own versus other regiolects. This pattern may be due to a combination of geographic proximity of populations belonging to different regiolects, song learning, experience, and contact during migration. Song discrimination by populations from the western Prairie Provinces and Newfoundland is consistent with the existence of at least partial reproductive isolation at the geographic extremes of the breeding range.

scholarly journals Geographic Variation in the Organization of Song Sparrow Repertoires

The Auk ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 936-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Peters ◽  
William A. Searcy ◽  
Michael D. Beecher ◽  
Stephen Nowicki
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Population Differences ◽  
Repertoire Size ◽  
Song Sparrows ◽  
Geographic Differences ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Mean Similarity ◽  
Song Repertoires

Abstract We asked whether geographic variation exists in the complexity of song repertoires in Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) by quantitatively comparing four measures of repertoire organization across four geographically distant populations: (1) repertoire size (the number of distinct song types), (2) the number of “minimal units of production” per repertoire, (3) mean similarity among variants of the same song type (“within-type” similarity), and (4) mean similarity among song types in a repertoire (“between-type” similarity). We found significant geographic differences among populations in three of these four measures, with mean similarity among song types being the exception. In general, relatively sedentary populations in North Carolina and Washington were more similar to each other than to migratory populations in Pennsylvania and Maine. Contrary to our expectation based on prior interspecific analyses of variation in repertoire complexity, the relatively sedentary populations in our sample had more complex repertoires than did the more migratory populations. The origin and functional significance of population differences in repertoire complexity in this species remain uncertain.

scholarly journals Typical versions of learned swamp sparrow song types are more effective signals than are less typical versions

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1785) ◽  
pp. 20140252 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Lachlan ◽  
R. C. Anderson ◽  
S. Peters ◽  
W. A. Searcy ◽  
S. Nowicki
Keyword(s):  
Computational Methods ◽  
Song Learning ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Syllable Type ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Swamp Sparrow ◽  
Melospiza Georgiana ◽  
Cluster A ◽  
Song Types

The learned songs of songbirds often cluster into population-wide types. Here, we test the hypothesis that male and female receivers respond differently to songs depending on how typical of those types they are. We used computational methods to cluster a large sample of swamp sparrow ( Melospiza georgiana ) songs into types and to estimate the degree to which individual song exemplars are typical of these types. We then played exemplars to male and female receivers. Territorial males responded more aggressively and captive females performed more sexual displays in response to songs that are highly typical than to songs that are less typical. Previous studies have demonstrated that songbirds distinguish song types that are typical for their species, or for their population, from those that are not. Our results show that swamp sparrows also discriminate typical from less typical exemplars within learned song-type categories. In addition, our results suggest that more typical versions of song types function better, at least in male–female communication. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that syllable type typicality serves as a proxy for the assessment of song learning accuracy.

MICROGEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN CORN BUNTING (MILIARIA CALANDRA) SONG: QUANTITATIVE AND DISCRIMINATION ASPECTS

Behaviour ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 137 (9) ◽  
pp. 1241-1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter McGregor ◽  
José Tavares ◽  
Claire Latruffe ◽  
Paulo Gama Mota
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Interesting Aspect ◽  
Mosaic Pattern ◽  
Song Dialects ◽  
Qualitative Classification ◽  
Microgeographic Variation ◽  
Song Types

AbstractGeographic variation in bird song that is described as local song dialects refers to a mosaic pattern of distribution of songs in a population within the dispersal capacities of the species. Corn buntings (Miliaria calandra) in the region of Alentejo, Portugal, show such local dialects. However, an interesting aspect of this population is that song types are restricted to sub - groups of males within each dialect rather than all males singing all song types as in other populations. After describing the pattern of song type variation qualitatively (i.e. classifying spectrograms by eye), we used cross - correlation of spectrograms in quantitative comparisons. This confirmed the qualitative classification of songs into song type categories and showed a tendency for neighbouring males to have most similar songs. Males did not respond significantly more or less strongly to playback of different song types; however males clearly discriminated between different song types in a habituation paradigm.

Orosensory Perception, Speech Production, and Deafness

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milo E. Bishop ◽  
Robert L. Ringel ◽  
Arthur S. House
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Functional Disorders ◽  
Form Discrimination ◽  
School Subjects ◽  
Oral Form ◽  
Similarities And Differences

The oral form-discrimination abilities of 18 orally educated and oriented deaf high school subjects were determined and compared to those of manually educated and oriented deaf subjects and normal-hearing subjects. The similarities and differences among the responses of the three groups were discussed and then compared to responses elicited from subjects with functional disorders of articulation. In general, the discrimination scores separated the manual deaf from the other two groups, particularly when differences in form shapes were involved in the test. The implications of the results for theories relating orosensory-discrimination abilities are discussed. It is postulated that, while a failure in oroperceptual functioning may lead to disorders of articulation, a failure to use the oral mechanism for speech activities, even in persons with normal orosensory capabilities, may result in poor performance on oroperceptual tasks.

Animals as Social Objects

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Sevillano ◽  
Susan T. Fiske
Keyword(s):  
Social Perception ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Responses ◽  
Content Model ◽  
Stereotype Content ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Behavioral Tendencies ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Sphere Of Influence

Abstract. Nonhuman animals are typically excluded from the scope of social psychology. This article presents animals as social objects – targets of human social responses – overviewing the similarities and differences with human targets. The focus here is on perceiving animal species as social groups. Reflecting the two fundamental dimensions of humans’ social cognition – perceived warmth (benign or ill intent) and competence (high or low ability), proposed within the Stereotype Content Model ( Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002 ) – animal stereotypes are identified, together with associated prejudices and behavioral tendencies. In line with human intergroup threats, both realistic and symbolic threats associated with animals are reviewed. As a whole, animals appear to be social perception targets within the human sphere of influence and a valid topic for research.

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