scholarly journals Physical Condition of an Animal, Using as an Example the Common Eider, Somateria mollissima

2003 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud J. Cabanac
Keyword(s):  
Physical Condition ◽  
Somateria Mollissima ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Stored Energy ◽  
Survival Chance ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Common Eiders ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Time Of Year

An index of the physical condition of an animal should describe its endogenous available energy. The welfare of the animal depends on its ability to spend its stored energy (lipid and protein) in order to survive the environmental and behavioural challenge at the particular time of its capture. I propose a new index to predict the survival chance of the subject. The new index of physical condition takes into account the available endogenous energy reserves and the known needs of the species at that particular time of year. I further illustrate this new method of estimating the physical condition by running a trial with Common Eiders, Somateria mollissima.

Parental care in the common eider (Somateria mollissima): factors affecting abandonment and adoption of young

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1538-1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan O. Bustnes ◽  
Kjell E. Erikstad
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Somateria Mollissima ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Lower Survival Rate ◽  
Duckling Survival ◽  
Energetic Stress ◽  
Lower Body Weight ◽  
Common Eiders ◽  
The Common ◽  
Individual Strategies

Parental care in common eiders (Somateria mollissima) was studied during three field seasons in northern Norway. Forty-two percent of the females were found to abandon their brood. Abandonment and tending of broods and crèches were not obligate individual strategies, but changed between years. Females abandoning their young laid smaller clutches and had a lower body weight at hatching than brood- and crèche-tending females, indicating that they were in poor body condition. This supports the hypothesis that abandoning the brood is a salvage strategy in which energetic stress limits females' ability to care for their young. Young of "abandoners" seemed to have a lower survival rate than young of "tenders," which suggests a reproductive cost of abandoning the young. Forty-seven percent of tagged ducklings were found with females other than their mother. Twenty-seven percent of the brood- and crèche-tending females lost young to other females, but never more than one duckling. Adoptions of foreign ducklings, above the normal brood size of four, did not lead to greater parental effort, and duckling survival was similar among broods and crèches of different sizes. This suggests that adoptions may be of neutral adaptive value. Two females often formed stable crèches, but duckling survival was not significantly different from that in broods and crèches with single females.

Intraclutch egg-size variation and hatching success in the common eider

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 544-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory J. Robertson ◽  
Fred Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Egg Size ◽  
Hatching Success ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Somateria Mollissima ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Common Eiders ◽  
Laying Sequence ◽  
The Common ◽  
Nutrient Reserves

Intraclutch egg-size variation and hatching success were studied in a population of Hudson Bay common eiders (Somateria mollissima sedentaria) at La Pérouse Bay, Manitoba (58°24′N, 94°24′W), to test the hypothesis that females allocate more nutrient reserves to eggs that are more likely to hatch. Egg volumes were calculated for 575 known-sequence eggs in 134 complete clutches of 3–6 eggs. In general, the length of eggs decreased linearly with position in the laying sequence, whereas the breadth of eggs followed a curvilinear pattern, the second or third egg being the widest. For all clutch sizes, the last-laid egg was the smallest and the second- or third-laid egg the largest. Hatching success also varied with position in the laying sequence. Pre-incubation failure declined over the laying sequence, whereas hatching failure (dead, infertile, or rotten eggs) increased. In all cases pre-incubation failure was the major cause of egg loss (84% of total loss). Overall, third and fourth eggs were the most successful and first eggs were the least successful. With one exception, successful and unsuccessful eggs were the same size within a laying sequence. We conclude that there is no clear relationship between egg size and hatching success, and that laying sequence per se has a greater effect on hatching success. Female eiders do not appear to allocate more reserves to eggs that are most likely to hatch, and we consider other proximate, physiological mechanisms to explain the observed pattern of intraclutch egg-size variation.

Influence of petroleum hydrocarbons on the endoparasitic helminths of the common eider, Somateria mollissima, from Newfoundland

2010 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Khan ◽  
C.V. Chandra ◽  
P.J. Earle ◽  
G.J. Robertson ◽  
P. Ryan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newfoundland And Labrador ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Somateria Mollissima ◽  
Metazoan Parasites ◽  
Illegal Hunting ◽  
Common Eiders ◽  
The Common

AbstractA comparison of commonly occurring metazoan parasites in the digestive tract was made between common eiders, Somateria mollissima, that were contaminated with oil and reference birds confiscated from illegal hunting. There was a greater number of commonly occurring parasites and their abundance in reference than in oiled eiders. Except for an acanthocephalan, Polymorphus botulus, which was embedded in the wall of the intestinal tract, most of the other taxa of parasites, including trematodes, cestodes and nematodes, were probably voided from the birds following ingestion of oil. Reference eiders harboured fewer species and a substantially lower mean abundance of parasites than those studied in Newfoundland and Labrador more than four decades ago; this may be a signal of a changing prey base or an increase in prey availability as winter ice cover continues to decline.

scholarly journals Mortality of Common Eider, Somateria mollissima (Linnaeus, 1758), and other water birds during two inshore oiling events in southeastern Newfoundland, 2005 and 2006

2014 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory J. Robertson ◽  
Scott G. Gilliland ◽  
Pierre C. Ryan ◽  
Johanne Dussureault ◽  
Kyran Power ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Common Eider ◽  
Somateria Mollissima ◽  
Marine Birds ◽  
Sea Ducks ◽  
Marine Oil ◽  
Aerial Surveys ◽  
Common Eiders ◽  
The Common ◽  
Water Birds

Although the waters off Newfoundland harbour millions of wintering marine birds, chronic marine oil pollution has been repeatedly reported. Unusually high numbers (hundreds) of oiled birds were noted following two events in March 2005 and April 2006 in southeastern Newfoundland. Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima [Linnaeus, 1758]) were the main victims in the first event, with at least 1400 affected, based on retrieval of carcasses and aerial surveys. The April 2006 event affected 19 species; Common Eiders were again the most numerous with a minimum of 337 birds oiled. Among the Common Eiders affected in both events, most were the northern type, including the borealis (C. L. Brehm, 1824) subspecies and presumed intergrades between borealis and dresseri Sharpe, 1871. Coupled with the legal harvest, these oiling events may have had an effect on the wintering Common Eider population. Alcids, other sea ducks, loons and gulls were also oiled, but in low numbers (< 100); thus, their populations were not likely affected by these events.

Developing the adaptive process-based budgeting through TD-ABC and TD-ABB as part of strategic management accounting

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1182-1194
Author(s):  
A.A. Akhmetzyanov ◽  
A.Yu. Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Management ◽  
Cost Allocation ◽  
Management Accounting ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Common Time ◽  
Strategic Management Accounting ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Cost

Subject. The article focuses on the advanced time-driven tools for allocating overhead expenses, which are based on process-based budgeting. Objectives. We articulate a technique for cost allocation so as to assess the cost of each process with reference to the common time driver. Methods. The study relies upon methods of systematization, classification, analogy and comparison, and summarizes the scientific literature on the subject. Results. The article presents our own suggestions on implementing TD-ABC and TD-ABB into the strategic management accounting process of developer companies. The principles were proved to help more effectively allocate overhead expenses and assess the capacity load of each process performed by functions, departments and employees. Carrying out a comparative analysis, we found certain reserves for utilizing resources more effectively. Conclusions and Relevance. The findings are of scientific and practical significance and can be used by developer and construction businesses. The conclusions can prove helpful for scientific papers, student books, and further research.

The Common Law in Australia: Its Nature and Constitutional Significance

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Zines
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Contemporary Debate ◽  
Policy Paper ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
National University ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common

This article originally was published as a Law and Policy Paper. The Law and Policy Papers series was established in 1994 by the Centre for International and Public Law in the Faculty of Law, the Australian National University. The series publishes papers contributing to understanding and discussion on matters relating to law and public policy, especially those that are the subject of contemporary debate. In 1999 the papers were published jointly by the Centre for International and Public Law and The Federation Press. This article is reproduced in the Federal Law Review with the permission of the original publishers.

The Trade Mark, Other Product Designations, and Goodwill

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Pila
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Trade Mark ◽  
Geographical Indication ◽  
Passing Off ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter considers the meaning of the terms that appropriately denote the subject matter protectable by registered trade mark and allied rights, including the common law action of passing off. Drawing on the earlier analyses of the objects protectable by patent and copyright, it defines the trade mark, designation of origin, and geographical indication in their current European and UK conception as hybrid inventions/works in the form of purpose-limited expressive objects. It also considers the relationship between the different requirements for trade mark and allied rights protection, and related principles of entitlement. In its conclusion, the legal understandings of trade mark and allied rights subject matter are presented as answers to the questions identified in Chapter 3 concerning the categories and essential properties of the subject matter in question, their method of individuation, and the relationship between and method of establishing their and their tokens’ existence.

scholarly journals Gender Affirmative Action and Management: A Systematic Literature Review on How Diversity and Inclusion Management Affect Gender Equity in Organizations

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Julia V. Furtado ◽  
António C. Moreira ◽  
Jorge Mota
Keyword(s):  
Affirmative Action ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Diversity Management ◽  
Equal Employment Opportunity ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Diversity And Inclusion ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Prior Experiences

Gender affirmative action (AA) in management remains a controversial topic among scholars, practitioners, and employees. While some individuals may support the use of AA policies as a means of increasing representation of women, others are not supportive at all, further understanding gender AA as an unacceptable violation of merit—even when targeted by it. With the aim of analyzing how scholars have approached the subject, we systematically reviewed 76 published articles (SCOPUS database), covering the extant literature on gender AA and management. Findings indicate a consensus regarding the common antecedents of attitudes towards gender AA with prior experiences with AA and diversity management (DM) (as well as general perceptions of AA). Performance and satisfaction appear as the predominant outcomes. In addition, while investigating the differences among AA, equal employment opportunity (EEO) and diversity management (DM), scholars are mainly focused on the effectiveness of AA as a means of increasing the inclusion of minorities in general. We conclude that despite marginal studies on employees’ attitudes toward gender AA, there is a gap in the literature, particularly an absence of research on the bivalent position of meritocracy (or merit violation) as both an antecedent and outcome of attitudes towards AA, which deserves further scrutiny.

scholarly journals Herd immunity drives the epidemic fadeout of avian cholera in Arctic-nesting seabirds

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacintha G. B. van Dijk ◽  
Samuel A. Iverson ◽  
H. Grant Gilchrist ◽  
N. Jane Harms ◽  
Holly L. Hennin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colony Size ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Somateria Mollissima ◽  
Common Eiders ◽  
Serological Status ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Avian Cholera

AbstractAvian cholera, caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida, is a common and important infectious disease of wild birds in North America. Between 2005 and 2012, avian cholera caused annual mortality of widely varying magnitudes in Northern common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) breeding at the largest colony in the Canadian Arctic, Mitivik Island, Nunavut. Although herd immunity, in which a large proportion of the population acquires immunity to the disease, has been suggested to play a role in epidemic fadeout, immunological studies exploring this hypothesis have been missing. We investigated the role of three potential drivers of fadeout of avian cholera in eiders, including immunity, prevalence of infection, and colony size. Each potential driver was examined in relation to the annual real-time reproductive number (Rt) of P. multocida, previously calculated for eiders at Mitivik Island. Each year, colony size was estimated and eiders were closely monitored, and evaluated for infection and serological status. We demonstrate that acquired immunity approximated using antibody titers to P. multocida in both sexes was likely a key driver for the epidemic fadeout. This study exemplifies the importance of herd immunity in influencing the dynamics and fadeout of epidemics in a wildlife population.

scholarly journals Variables in Globular Clusters, the Common and the Rare

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Helen Sawyer Hogg
Keyword(s):  
Globular Clusters ◽  
New Information ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common

The title of this talk is really just a different phrasing from one I have used at several IAU meetings on the subject of numbers and kinds of variables in globular clusters. To furnish this material, I have finished the Third Catalogue of Variables in Globular Clusters. Since many of you are coming to this Colloquium with new information, the Catalogue is in draft form with a request that corrections and additions be given me by October 2, after which the draft will go to the printer.The First Catalogue of Variables in Globular Clusters was published at this observatory in 1939 and the Second Catalogue in 1955. In 1966 appeared the excellent Catalogue of Variables South of Declination—29° by Fourcade, Laborde and Albarracin, with splendid large prints of identification charts.

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