scholarly journals Voyager 1 Observations of Galactic Cosmic Rays in the Local Interstellar Medium: Energy Density and Ionization Rates

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan C. Cummings ◽  
Edward C. Stone ◽  
Bryant C. Heikkila ◽  
Nand Lal ◽  
William R. Webber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Local Interstellar Medium ◽  
Medium Energy ◽  
Ionization Rates

scholarly journals Sputtering of Presolar Grains via Galactic Cosmic Rays in the Interstellar Medium

2020 ◽  
Vol 905 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Akshat Garg ◽  
Kuljeet K. Marhas ◽  
Vikram Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Presolar Grains

scholarly journals Origin of cosmic rays

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (H16) ◽  
pp. 594-595
Author(s):  
V. A. Dogiel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Essential Component

AbstractCosmis rays are an essential component of the interstellar medium because of their high energy density. This paper reviews the origin of cosmic rays.

scholarly journals Distances of Galactic supernova remnants

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (S296) ◽  
pp. 378-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zhu ◽  
Wenwu Tian
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
Supernova Remnants ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Distance Measurement ◽  
Explosion Energy ◽  
Chemical Enrichment ◽  
Basic Parameters ◽  
Co Emission

AbstractSupernova remnants (SNRs) play a key role in understanding supernovae explosion mechanisms, exploring the likely sources of Galactic cosmic rays and the chemical enrichment of interstellar medium (ISM). Reliable distance determinations to Galactic SNRs are key to obtain their basic parameters, such as size, age, explosion energy, which helps us to study their environment and interstellar medium. We review the methods to determine the distances to SNRs and highlight the kinematic distance measurement by Hi absorption and CO emission observations.

scholarly journals Influence of galactic cosmic rays on atmospheric composition and temperature

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 653-679
Author(s):  
M. Calisto ◽  
I. Usoskin ◽  
E. Rozanov ◽  
T. Peter
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Zonal Wind ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Tropopause Region ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Ionization Rates

Abstract. This study investigates the influence of the galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) on the atmospheric composition, temperature and dynamics by means of the 3-D Chemistry Climate Model (CCM) SOCOL v2.0. Ionization rates were parameterized according to CRAC:CRII (Cosmic Ray induced Cascade: Application for Cosmic Ray Induced Ionization), a detailed state-of-the-art model describing the effects of GCRs in the entire altitude range of the CCM from 0–80 km. We find statistically significant effects of GCRs on tropospheric and stratospheric NOx, HOx, ozone, temperature and zonal wind, whereas NOx, HOx and ozone are annually averaged and the temperature and the zonal wind are monthly averaged. In the Southern Hemisphere, the model suggests the GCR-induced NOx increase to exceed 10% in the tropopause region (peaking with 20% at the pole), whereas HOx is showing a decrease of about 3% caused by enhanced conversion into HNO3. As a consequence, ozone is increasing by up to 3% in the relatively unpolluted southern troposphere, where its production is sensitive to additional NOx from GCRs. Conversely, in the northern polar lower stratosphere, GCRs are found to decrease O3 by up to 3%, caused by the additional heterogeneous chlorine activation via ClONO2+HCl following GCR-induced production of ClONO2. There is an apparent GCR-induced acceleration of the zonal wind of up to 5 m/s in the Northern Hemisphere below 40 km in February, and a deceleration at higher altitudes with peak values of 3 m/s around 70 km altitude. The model also indentifies GCR-induced changes in the surface air, with warming in the eastern part of Europe and in Russia (up to 2.25 K for March values) and cooling in Siberia and Greenland (by almost 2 K). We show that these surface temperature changes develop even when the GCR-induced ionization is taken into account only above 18 km, suggesting that the stratospherically driven strengthening of the polar night jet extends all the way down to the Earth's surface.

scholarly journals Spallation-dominated propagation of heavy cosmic rays and the Local Interstellar Medium (LISM)

2005 ◽  
Vol 435 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Combet ◽  
D. Maurin ◽  
J. Donnelly ◽  
L. O'C. Drury ◽  
E. Vangioni-Flam
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
Local Interstellar Medium
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