scholarly journals Book review: The prehistoric apprentice: Investigating apprenticeship, know-how and expertise in prehistoric technologies; L’apprenti préhistorique: Appréhender l’apprentissage, les savoir-faire et l’expertise à travers les productions techniques des soci

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manek Kolhatkar
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Technological Organization ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
French And English ◽  
Culture Variability

Describing cultural change and variability and inferring sociocultural dynamics about past people and communities may be among archaeology’s main goals as a field of practice. In this regard, the concept of skill has proved its usefulness to, time and again, expand the breath of archaeologists and lithic technologists’ analyses. It covers a wide range of applications, from apprenticeship, cognition, paleo-sociology, spatial organization. It is one of the main causes for material culture variability, up there with raw material constraints, design, technological organization or cultural norms. Yet, while skill has certainly been the focus of some research in the last decades, it remains quite peripheral, when considering how central the concept should be to technological inquiries. Whatever the reasons may be, this book, edited by Laurent Klaric and fully bilingual (French and English), aims at changing that, and argues for skill to become a central concern in lithic technology. Its chapters do so strongly and the end-result is a book that should become a reference for lithic technologists, whatever their research interests or schools of thought may be.

scholarly journals On Vastness and Variability: Cultural Transmission, Historicity, and the Paleoindian Record in Eastern South America

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 1239-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
ASTOLFO G.M. ARAUJO
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
South America ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
South American ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Early Human

Eastern South America, or what is today Brazilian territory, poses interesting questions about the early human occupation of the Americas. Three totally distinct and contemporaneous lithic technologies, dated between 11,000 and 10,000 14C BP, are present in different portions of the country: the Umbu tradition in the south, with its formal bifacial industry, with well-retouched scrapers and bifacial points; the Itaparica tradition in the central-west / northwest, totally unifacial, whose only formal artifacts are limaces; and the "Lagoa Santa" industry, completely lacking any formal artifacts, composed mainly of small quartz flakes. Our data suggests that these differences are not related to subsistence or raw-material constraints, but rather to different cultural norms and transmission of strongly divergent chaînes opératoires. Such diversity in material culture, when viewed from a cultural transmission (CT) theory standpoint, seems at odds with a simple Clovis model as the origin of these three cultural traditions given the time elapsed since the first Clovis ages and the expected population structure of the early South American settlers.

Book Review: Sharafadina, K.I. (2018) Selam, otkroysya! Floropoetika v Obraznom Yazyke Russkoy i Zarubezhnoy Literatury [Selam, Open Up! Floropoetics in the Figurative Language of Russian and Foreign Literature]. St. Petersburg: NestorIstoriya

2021 ◽  
pp. 190-194
Author(s):  
Natalia S. Tsvetova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Figurative Language ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
Literary Critic ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
Main Achievement ◽  
Innovative Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
French And English

The reviewer draws attention to the author’s integrative interdisciplinary methodology. First of all, it is the interdisciplinarity of the research algorithm, which allowed the well-known scholar to conceptualize and present the textual embodiment of the correlation of the “text of life” by the “text of culture” in a new way. This approach allows the author to comprehend the “polygenism” of floristic components of a literary plot. The reviewer considers the creation of the concept of an original and, in many respects, innovative research practice – floropoetology – to be the main achievement of the author, a literary critic with significant research experience. The author proposes refined translations and subscripts of French and English texts, archival materials, which adds to the value of the work. The book is intended for a wide range of readers.

scholarly journals Crafting Idiosyncrasies. Early Social Complexity, Ivory and Identity-Making in Copper Age Iberia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Miriam Luciañez-Triviño ◽  
Leonardo García Sanjuán ◽  
Thomas Schuhmacher
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
Copper Age ◽  
Complex Societies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Technological Tradition ◽  
Definition Of

As a raw material, ivory has been used to manufacture a wide range of objects, normally associated with sumptuous material culture. In this article we explore the role played by ivory and ivory artefacts among early complex societies, and particularly its importance in the definition of identities among emergent elites. To this end, we make a thorough examination of the evidence from Copper Age Iberia, focusing on the mega-site of Valencina, in southern Spain. This site has provided what to date is the largest assemblage of prehistoric ivory in western Europe, with an estimated total of 8.8 kg, including finely crafted artefacts of unrivalled beauty and sophistication. Our study looks carefully at the technological, morphological and contextual dimensions of Copper Age ivory. As a result, we contend that the broad morphological variability together with the technological uniformity of this assemblage suggest that, while belonging to a common technological tradition, objects were deliberately crafted as unique and unrepeatable so that they could be used to create and maintain socio-cultural idiosyncrasies and ideological legitimation.

Dialogue through the Image

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Robert Clammer
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Art History ◽  
Religious Conversion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Religious Transformation ◽  
Visual Discourse ◽  
Christian Art ◽  
Wide Range

This paper examines the relationship between the transmission of religion (specifically Christianity) and not texts but visual images, in this instance as embodied in Christian art. The paper is not an exercise in art history as such but an attempt to build a model of the multiple effects of the reception of a new visual culture on a range of cultural dimensions, and in particular the ways in which the new visual discourse transforms ideas about the self, the body, nature, and a wide range of other significant elements of culture. The paper explores the ways in which Christian art transformed subjectivities across wide areas of Asia and contributed in a major way to the establishment of what has become known as modernity. It argues that processes of religious conversion are not only cognitive but also involve the internalization of new forms of representation, ritual, clothing, and other forms of material culture. Studies of the transmission of Buddhism in Asia have suggested that this artistic and material dimension is critical, and the paper raises the question as to what extent the same can be said about the transmission and reception of Christianity. The paper also makes methodological suggestions about fresh ways of linking art history to the analysis of cultural change, especially as it relates to questions of religious transformation.

scholarly journals Book Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 572-574
Author(s):  
Andreja Žibrat Gašparič
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Local Sources ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Clay Materials

Chris Doherty’s study focuses on the role of clay in the development of Çatalhöyük, the famous and largest Neolithic settlement in the Konya Plain in central Anatolia. The author offers a holistic approach to understand the interrelationship between all clay materials used at the site and the landscape. Çatalhöyük lies on the clay-rich bed of the former Pleistocene Lake Konya, which lacked local sources of stone, and this makes its position interesting as clay plays a dual role here, i.e. as the main landscape component and a raw material for different types of material culture at the site. The book is divided into 10 chapters and is supported with many illustrative figures and tables.

Mapping soil formation in Lithuania. A national-scale analysis.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Pereira ◽  
Eric Brevik ◽  
Miguel Inacio ◽  
Marius Kalinauskas ◽  
Katarzyna Miksa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Topographic Wetness Index ◽  
Slope Length ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Wide Range

<p>Soil formation is vital for the existence of life. Soil provides a wide range of direct and indirect ecosystem services (ES) such as carbon sequestration, water and flood regulation, food provisioning, raw material culture, and heritage. Soil formation is complex and depends on the parent material, climate, topography, biological activity, and time. This intricate process is strongly affected by human activities (e.g., agriculture, urbanization) that generally result in a degradation process. Mapping soil formation is challenging due to a large number of variables involved and the complexity of their interaction. The objective of this work is to map soil formation in Lithuania. Several variables were selected to assess soil formation such as lithology, time (glacial retreat), slope, topographic wetness index, roughness, slope length, soil mineralogy, depth, texture, available water capacity, pH, organic carbon, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous, January average temperature, June average temperature, annual average precipitation, and land use. To validate the model, we used soil cation exchange capacity. The variables were ranked according to the least to the most favorable conditions. The weight of the variables was assessed using the Analytic Hierarchical Process and ranked by 20 international experts on the soil. The results of the model are acceptable (r<sup>2</sup>=0.48), owing to the complexity involved in soil formation.</p><p>This work was funded from the European Social Fund project LINESAM No. 09.3.3-LMT-K-712-01-0104 under grant agreement with the Research Council of Lithuania (LMTLT).</p>

Automation of Process Control in Chemical Plant

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Agus Sugiarta ◽  
Houtman P. Siregar ◽  
Dedy Loebis
Keyword(s):  
Process Control ◽  
Pid Control ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Chemical Plant ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Material Supply ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inherent Problem

Automation of process control in chemical plant is an inspiring application field of mechatronicengineering. In order to understand the complexity of the automation and its application requireknowledges of chemical engineering, mechatronic and other numerous interconnected studies.The background of this paper is an inherent problem of overheating due to lack of level controlsystem. The objective of this research is to control the dynamic process of desired level more tightlywhich is able to stabilize raw material supply into the chemical plant system.The chemical plant is operated within a wide range of feed compositions and flow rates whichmake the process control become difficult. This research uses modelling for efficiency reason andanalyzes the model by PID control algorithm along with its simulations by using Matlab.

Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Ancient Philosophy ◽  
Perceptual Content ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Original Essays ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Middle Ages

Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy provides, twice each year, a collection of the best current work in the field of ancient philosophy. Each volume features original essays that contribute to an understanding of a wide range of themes and problems in all periods of ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, from the beginnings to the threshold of the Middle Ages. From its first volume in 1983, OSAP has been a highly influential venue for work in the field, and has often featured essays of substantial length as well as critical essays on books of distinctive importance. Volume LIII contains: an article on several of Zeno of Elea’s paradoxes and the nihilist interpretation of Eudemus of Rhodes; an article on the coherence of Thrasymachus’ challenge in Plato’s Republic book 1; another on Plato’s treatment of perceptual content in the Theaetetus and the Phaedo; an article on why Aristotle thinks that hypotheses are material causes of conclusions, and another on why he denies shame is a virtue; and a book review of a new edition of a work possibly by Apuleius and Middle Platonist political philosophy.

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