scholarly journals Opportunity Cost and Automated Behavior in Groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. p64
Author(s):  
Mengyue Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
The Relationship

What you are giving up may be what others are holding on to, and what you are holding on to may be what others are giving up. This paper revolves around the relationship between opportunity cost and automated behavior and its application to groups.

The Relationship Between Education and Absence Rates for Both Sexes in Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Kunxin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Education Reform ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Family Responsibility ◽  
Occupational Classification ◽  
Modern Education ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship

Does education have an influence on absence rates of full-time employees? The absence rates include the illness or disability, personal or family responsibility. The purpose of this report is to give an overview of the change in absence rates of full-time employees for both males and females in Canada from 1993 to 2013, and then research why higher education is correlated with less absence rates. To research why higher education is correlated with less absence rates, the authors used the data from CANSIM, the change by average earnings of individuals for both males and females by National Occupational Classification for Statistics. This article also considers the type of job difference, the opportunity cost and the nature of job to research the relationship between the education and absence rates. Improvement of modern education and QoL through the education reform and technological advancement will be helpful to overcome current challenges.

scholarly journals Fertility and Childlessness in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 1852-1882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Baudin ◽  
David de la Croix ◽  
Paula E. Gobbi
Keyword(s):  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Extensive Margin ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
Marriage Rates ◽  
High Opportunity Cost ◽  
Us Census ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

We develop a theory of fertility, distinguishing its intensive margin from its extensive margin. The deep parameters are identified using facts from the 1990 US Census: (i) fertility of mothers decreases with education; (ii) childlessness exhibits a U-shaped relationship with education; (iii) the relationship between marriage rates and education is hump-shaped for women and increasing for men. We estimate that 2.5 percent of women were childless because of poverty and 8.1 percent because of high opportunity cost of childrearing. Over time, historical trends in total factor productivity and in education led to a U-shaped response in childlessness rates while fertility of mothers decreased. (JEL I20, J13, J16, N31, N32)

scholarly journals Opportunity cost determines action initiation latency and predicts apathy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akshay Nair ◽  
Ritwik K. Niyogi ◽  
Fei Shang ◽  
Sarah J. Tabrizi ◽  
Geraint Rees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Average Reward ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Free Operant ◽  
Cost Of Time ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Action Initiation

Background: Apathy, a disabling and poorly understood neuropsychiatric symptom, is characterised by impaired self-initiated behaviour. Although the computational mechanisms that determine self-initiation are poorly understood, it has been hypothesised that the opportunity cost of time (OCT) may be a key variable linking self-initiated behaviour with motivational status. Using a novel behavioural task and computational modelling, we investigated the relationship between OCT, self-initiation and apathy. OCT represents the amount of reward which is foregone per second if no action is taken. We predicted that higher OCT would engender shorter action latencies, and that individuals with greater sensitivity to OCT would have higher behavioural apathy.Methods: We modulated the OCT in a novel task called the ‘Fisherman Game’, Participants freely chose when to self-initiate actions to either collect rewards, or on occasion, to complete non-rewarding actions. We measured the relationship between action latencies, OCT and apathy for each participant across two independent non-clinical studies, one under laboratory conditions (n=21) and one online (n=90). ‘Average-reward’ reinforcement learning was used to model our data. We replicated our findings across both studies.Results: We show that the latency of self-initiation is driven by changes in the OCT. Furthermore, we demonstrate, for the first time, higher apathy was showed greater sensitivity to changes in OCT in younger adults. Our model shows that apathetic individuals experienced greatest change in subjective OCT during our task as a consequence of being more sensitive to rewards.Conclusions: Our results suggest that OCT is an important variable for determining free-operant action initiation and understanding apathy.

scholarly journals Relation of Financial Literacy with Financial Attitude and Financial Behavior among Tharu Woman Small Borrowers

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 665-676
Author(s):  
Rashesh Vaidya ◽  
Ramseh G.C.
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Financial Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

Tharu are an ethnic group indigenous to the Terai region of Nepal stretching from east to west low-land of Nepal. The Tharu communities are normally residing in most of the districts of the Terai belt of Nepal. The paper tries to find out the relationship between financial literacy with financial attitude and financial behavior among the Tharu community women of Nepal. Hence, the paper has conducted a survey among the Tharu women living at Nawlapur District of Gandaki Province of Nepal. The paper found that Tharu women who are in a saving group, mainly focused on income saving and looking for an opportunity cost. Similarly, Tharu women associated with a saving group, are mainly concerned with the utilization of the credit, they had taken and worked for the repayment of the credit in time. The study also found that financial literacy has highly influenced financial behavior among Tharu women of Nepal. At the same time, the level of financial literacy is not seen as highly influencing the financial attitude among the Tharu women of Nepal.

scholarly journals The Exposure Rate Of Existing Shareholders, Underpricing And IPO Withdrawals At Borsa Istanbul: A Special Look At Opportunity Cost Of Issuance

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-161
Author(s):  
Orhan Emre Elma
Keyword(s):  
Capital Markets ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Exposure Rate ◽  
Firm Age ◽  
Public Offerings ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Relationship

Capital markets play a key role in achieving the medium and long-term goals of companies to reach the point of comparison with their competitors in the world. Capital markets journey, which is so important for companies, can also be called a life and death war. Not every issuance application to regulators results in a positive outcome. Turkey is the third country that is experiencing the most IPO withdrawal, according to Bennouna's (2015) study. Reasons such as wrong timing of the issuance or not being able to create positive sentiment among stakeholders cause issuance withdrawals. Companies aim to guarantee the earnings of their first partners in the long term rather than bringing immediate positive returns for their new investors. For this reason, the damage suffered by the first partners in IPO is an important parameter in understanding capital markets, along with underpricing. In this study, 76 public offerings in Borsa Istanbul between 2005 and 2015 were examined according to Dolbin's (2013) methodology. The discount rate applied by the companies during this period is 22.86%, while the underpricing rate applied is around 4.3%. Results show that, opportunity cost of issuance, which is the loss suffered by the first partners is found to be only 1.3% at Borsa Istanbul. Also, the relationship between underpricing and opportunity cost of issuance is found to be 74.7%. The withdrawal rate have positive correlations of 36.6% and 40.4% with firm age and cost per share, respectively. Results also indicates that, withdrawal rates starts to diminish at hot markets when average market volatility rises.

Measuring the Effects of Risk and Cultural Dimensions on the Adoption of Online Stock Trading

2020 ◽  
pp. 1219-1243
Author(s):  
Safeer Ullah Khan ◽  
Xiangdong Liu ◽  
Ikram Ullah Khan ◽  
Cheng Liu ◽  
Zahid Hameed
Keyword(s):  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Cultural Theory ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Stock Trading ◽  
Risk Dimensions ◽  
The Relationship

Online stock trading (OST) is a growing phenomenon across countries, yet there is a sparse literature focusing on the negative utilities (risks) that causing the low adoption. Drawing from perceived risk theory, this article attempts to fill the gap by identifying the influential risk factors that impede the acceptance of OST in a developing country, Pakistan. The study also applies the Hofstede cultural theory to ascertain the effects of cultural moderators on investors' usage behavior (UB). Based on structured questionnaire, 443 valid responses were received from current and potential investors. The model was tested using structural equation modeling through Smart-PLS. The results validate a negative and significant relationship between risk dimensions and investors' behavioral intentions (BI) to use OST. Especially time, financial, performance, privacy and opportunity cost risks are found having a negative impact on investors' BI. Moreover, the study finds that cultural dimensions, collectivism, and uncertainty avoidance, moderate the relationship between BI and UB.

How do herders do well? Profitability potential of livestock grazing in Inner Mongolia, China, across ecosystem types

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Li ◽  
Joleen C. Hadrich ◽  
Brian E. Robinson ◽  
Yulu Hou ◽  
Yating Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Weather Shocks ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Enterprise Budgets

Livestock production has increased in Inner Mongolia, China, despite widespread documentation of grassland degradation. To begin investigating the relationship that produces these trends, we studied farm-level decisions of herder households. We estimated economic enterprise budgets for 15 counties in Inner Mongolia across five ecosystems in 2009 and 2014 by using household survey data. Six counties decreased livestock stocking rates and had improved profit over time. The remaining counties increased their stocking rates over the period studied and profit decreased for all but one county. Livestock operators who reported negative profit over the 5 years were located across ecosystem types and reported a large number of weather shocks that affected grassland availability. Removing the opportunity cost of land and labour from the economic enterprise budgets resulted in a positive profit for all counties, which may explain why herders continue to increase stocking rates with decreased grassland availability over time.

The Relationship Between Economic Value of Time and Feelings of Time Pressure

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1395-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changkai Chen ◽  
Hua Xu ◽  
Juanjuan Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
General Public ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Value Of Time ◽  
Subjective Expectations ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Cost Of Time ◽  
The Relationship

The issue of time pressure concerns both scholars and the general public. We conducted 2 experiments in which university students (67 participants in Experiment 1, 69 in Experiment 2) were randomly assigned to different economic values of time. Contrary to previous findings, we found that subjective expectations played an important mediating role in the relationship between the economic value of time and feelings of time pressure. If the economic value of time was lower than the participants expected, this negatively affected their perceived time pressure. In contrast, if the economic value was higher than the participants expected, this enhanced their perceived time pressure. We found that the opportunity cost of time perspective was the most applicable of 3 theoretical explanations in explaining the relationship between the economic value of time and time pressure.

The Labor Supply Effects of Delayed First Birth

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 630-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Leber Herr
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
High School Graduates ◽  
First Birth ◽  
First Birth Timing ◽  
Cost Of Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shaped Pattern

In this paper I compare the relationship between first-birth timing and post-birth labor supply for high school and college graduate mothers. Given that pre-birth wages are increasing in fertility delay, the rising opportunity cost of time would suggest that among both groups, later mothers work more. Yet I only find this pattern for high school graduates. For college graduates, I instead find that there is a strong U-shaped pattern between hours worked within motherhood, and the career timing of first birth.

scholarly journals MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE: REVERSE LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE DETERMINES OPPORTUNITY COST OF BULK TIPPING

Detritus ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 160-166
Author(s):  
Manfred Fehr ◽  
Humberto Ferreira Silva Minéu
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Reverse Logistics ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Administrative Procedures ◽  
Investment Option ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selective Collection

The opportunity cost concept refers to quantifying the opportunities lost upon choosing one investment option over a more economical alternative. The present study applies the concept to the process of choosing the best investment option for managing municipal solid waste. In a case study in Brazil, the options on the table are bulk collection and tipping versus reverse logistics with selective collection and sale of recovered components. The use of relative monetary values renders the results general and applicable in other scenarios. The bulk tipping option represents the reference cost of 100. The research postulates a linear relation between the opportunity cost of bulk tipping (y) and the efficiency of reverse logistics operations (x). Zero efficiency means bulk collection and tipping of all waste. Full efficiency means capture of all recyclable items, which in the case study amount to 80% of waste. Various intermediate points confirm the relationship that takes the form y=0.968x. The result shows that opportunity cost is dynamic in as much as changes of technologies and administrative procedures move it along that line. It also illustrates to municipal administrations the immediate economic effect of implementation and stepwise improvement of reverse logistics.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document