scholarly journals Fertility and Childlessness in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 1852-1882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Baudin ◽  
David de la Croix ◽  
Paula E. Gobbi
Keyword(s):  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Extensive Margin ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
Marriage Rates ◽  
High Opportunity Cost ◽  
Us Census ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

We develop a theory of fertility, distinguishing its intensive margin from its extensive margin. The deep parameters are identified using facts from the 1990 US Census: (i) fertility of mothers decreases with education; (ii) childlessness exhibits a U-shaped relationship with education; (iii) the relationship between marriage rates and education is hump-shaped for women and increasing for men. We estimate that 2.5 percent of women were childless because of poverty and 8.1 percent because of high opportunity cost of childrearing. Over time, historical trends in total factor productivity and in education led to a U-shaped response in childlessness rates while fertility of mothers decreased. (JEL I20, J13, J16, N31, N32)

scholarly journals The evolution of infant mortality inequality in the United States, 1960–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (29) ◽  
pp. eaba5908
Author(s):  
Nick Turner ◽  
Kaveh Danesh ◽  
Kelsey Moran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
County Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Antipoverty Programs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Mortality Inequality

What is the relationship between infant mortality and poverty in the United States and how has it changed over time? We address this question by analyzing county-level data between 1960 and 2016. Our estimates suggest that level differences in mortality rates between the poorest and least poor counties decreased meaningfully between 1960 and 2000. Nearly three-quarters of the decrease occurred between 1960 and 1980, coincident with the introduction of antipoverty programs and improvements in medical care for infants. We estimate that declining inequality accounts for 18% of the national reduction in infant mortality between 1960 and 2000. However, we also find that level differences between the poorest and least poor counties remained constant between 2000 and 2016, suggesting an important role for policies that improve the health of infants in poor areas.

Values and Political Predispositions in the Age of Polarization: Examining the Relationship between Partisanship and Ideology in the United States, 1988–2012

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Lupton ◽  
Steven M. Smallpage ◽  
Adam M. Enders
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Core Values ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Mass Public ◽  
Election Studies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

The correlation between ideology and partisanship in the mass public has increased in recent decades amid a climate of persistent and growing elite polarization. Given that core values shape subsequent political predispositions, as well as the demonstrated asymmetry of elite polarization, this article hypothesizes that egalitarianism and moral traditionalism moderate the relationship between ideology and partisanship in that the latter relationship will have increased over time only among individuals who maintain conservative value orientations. An analysis of pooled American National Election Studies surveys from 1988 to 2012 supports this hypothesis. The results enhance scholarly understanding of the role of core values in shaping mass belief systems and testify to the asymmetric nature and mass public reception of elite cues among liberals and conservatives.

scholarly journals Diverging Patterns of Union Transition among Cohabitors by Race-Ethnicity and Education: Trends and Marital Intentions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Raley ◽  
Janet Chen-Lan Kuo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
The United States ◽  
Family Process ◽  
Marriage Rates ◽  
Family Behavior ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Stratification System ◽  
Over Time

The rise of cohabitation in family process among American young adults and declining rates ofmarriage among cohabitors are considered by some scholars as evidence for the importance ofsociety-wide ideational shifts propelling recent changes in family. With data on two cohabitingcohorts from the NSFG 1995 and 2006-10, the current study finds that marriage rates amongcohabitors have declined steeply among those with no college degree, resulting in growingeducational disparities over time. Moreover, there are no differences in marital intentions byeducation (or race-ethnicity) among recent cohabitors. We discuss how findings of this studyspeak to the changes in the dynamics of social stratification system in the United States andsuggest that institutional and material constraints are at least as important as ideational accountsin understanding family change and family behavior of contemporary young adults.

scholarly journals Sleep Difficulties and Cognition for 10 Years in a National Sample of U.S. Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Robbins ◽  
Amanda Sonnega ◽  
Robert W Turner ◽  
Girardin Jean-Louis ◽  
Mark Butler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Sleep Difficulty ◽  
Waking Up ◽  
Time Varying Covariates ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sleep Difficulties ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background and Objectives Sleep difficulties are common among older adults and are associated with cognitive decline. We used data from a large, nationally representative longitudinal survey of adults aged older than 50 in the United States to examine the relationship between specific sleep difficulties and cognitive function over time. Research Design and Methods Longitudinal data from the 2004–2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study were used in the current study. We examined sleep difficulties and cognitive function within participants and across time (n = 16 201). Sleep difficulty measures included difficulty initiating sleep, nocturnal awakenings, early morning awakenings, and waking up feeling rested from rarely/never (1) to most nights (3). The modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status was used to measure cognitive function. Generalized linear mixed models were used with time-varying covariates to examine the relationship between sleep difficulties and cognitive function over time. Results In covariate-adjusted models, compared to “never” reporting sleep difficulty, difficulty initiating sleep “most nights” was associated with worse cognitive function over time (Year 2014: b = −0.40, 95% CI: −0.63 to −0.16, p < .01) as was difficulty waking up too early “most nights” (Year 2014: b = −0.31, 95% CI: −0.56 to −0.07, p < .05). In covariate-adjusted analyses, compared to “never” reporting waking up feeling rested, cognitive function was higher among those who reported waking up feeling rested “some nights” (Year 2010: b = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.40, p < .05). Discussion and Implications Our findings highlight an association between early morning awakenings and worse cognitive function, but also an association between waking up feeling rested and better cognitive function over time.

United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 801-824
Author(s):  
David Gelman ◽  
Max Goplerud
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Comparative Literature ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
United States Congress ◽  
Party Leadership ◽  
Majority Party ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

This chapter analyzes the trends in speaking behavior in the United States Congress from 1921 to 2010 in the House and Senate. We find that key determinants of political behavior from the existing American and comparative literature (seniority, committee leader, party leadership, ideological extremism, and majority party membership) correspond to more floor speeches by members. Senators deliver more speeches per member than their counterparts in the House, although the determinants of activity are broadly similar. Splitting the results by historical period and examining the relationship by the polarization of the chamber show that the effects of certain variables have changed considerably over time. In the House, in particular, the effects of committee leader, extremism, and majority party status have increased over time while the effect of seniority has noticeably decreased in the post-Gingrich period.

How do herders do well? Profitability potential of livestock grazing in Inner Mongolia, China, across ecosystem types

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Li ◽  
Joleen C. Hadrich ◽  
Brian E. Robinson ◽  
Yulu Hou ◽  
Yating Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Weather Shocks ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Enterprise Budgets

Livestock production has increased in Inner Mongolia, China, despite widespread documentation of grassland degradation. To begin investigating the relationship that produces these trends, we studied farm-level decisions of herder households. We estimated economic enterprise budgets for 15 counties in Inner Mongolia across five ecosystems in 2009 and 2014 by using household survey data. Six counties decreased livestock stocking rates and had improved profit over time. The remaining counties increased their stocking rates over the period studied and profit decreased for all but one county. Livestock operators who reported negative profit over the 5 years were located across ecosystem types and reported a large number of weather shocks that affected grassland availability. Removing the opportunity cost of land and labour from the economic enterprise budgets resulted in a positive profit for all counties, which may explain why herders continue to increase stocking rates with decreased grassland availability over time.

3. Conservatism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Garnett
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Core ◽  
Winston Churchill ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

This chapter examines the basic features of conservative ideology, with particular emphasis on its strongly contested nature. It begins with a discussion of two major issues: whether conservatism is distinctive ideology and whether the core ideas of conservatism have changed over time. It then shows how conservatism differs from varieties of liberalism and goes on to explore ‘conservatism’ in the United States, along with some apparent manifestations of conservatism in political parties and movements outside the United Kingdom. Finally, it looks at the relationship between conservatism and religion. Case studies on the ideas of Edmund Burke, Winston Churchill, Barry Goldwater, and Friedrich von Hayek are presented.

Militias and the Iraqi State

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-118
Author(s):  
Idean Salehyan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
State Agents ◽  
Governance Strategy ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

According to conventional wisdom, states have a monopoly on the legitimate use of force within their territories, and delegate its operation to closely held state agents such as the military and police. Yet when faced with insurgencies, states often enlist the support of paramilitary organizations or militias. The competence–control tradeoff is especially stark in these cases, as states depend on capable militias to fight insurgents, but also risk losing control over them. This chapter examines the tradeoff in light of the relationship between militia groups and the Iraqi government. To bring a semblance of security to Iraq, both the United States and the Iraqi government used paramilitary groups such as the Sons of Iraq and the Kurdish Peshmerga. Following the withdrawal of US troops, the government has become increasingly beholden to Shia militias, yet the case defies a simple, sectarian logic. This chapter examines the choice of governance strategy vis-à-vis militias in Iraq, and changes in that strategy over time, providing insights into the governor’s dilemma, counterinsurgency strategy, and state formation.

scholarly journals Tax Treatment Of U. S. Companies Participating In The Maquiladora Industry: Recent Developments Involving The Intergovernmental Agreement On Transfer Pricing And Other Issues

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Isley ◽  
Art Cassill ◽  
Nancy L. Cassill
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

The relationship between U.S. companies and Mexican maquiladoras has been evolving for more than thirty years. The original advantages of lower taxes, cheaper labor, quick delivery and special tariff treatments enabled U.S. companies to increase cost-effectiveness and remain competitive worldwide. The arrangement also brought employment opportunities and prosperity to the border region of Mexico. Over time, however, many of the original advantages for both the United States and Mexico have either eroded or disappeared completely. As political and economic changes have occurred, so have changes within the maquiladora industry. In addition, the maquiladoras now face increasing competition from other foreign countries for U.S. business once reserved for the maquiladoras. This paper will examine these issues and the implications of recent changes for both the maquiladora industry and for the U.S. companies who use their services.

Social Exclusion as a State-Level Predictor of Changes in Collateral Sanctions

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Plassmeyer ◽  
Shannon Sliva
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Fiscal Health ◽  
Political Conservatism ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Collateral Sanctions

Collateral sanctions are civil penalties or disabilities imposed upon people who are arrested, charged, or convicted of a crime. Little research is available concerning state-level predictors of these policies in the United States. Current research suggests that racial threat and political conservatism are associated with harsher sanctions or more restrictions in the realms of employment, housing, social benefits, and other categories. Using state report cards from the Legal Action Center, this study builds on existing knowledge by testing the relationship between state-level variables consistent with a social exclusion framework and collateral sanctions policies while also testing the relationship between social exclusion and changes in these policies over time. Results indicate that higher levels of social exclusion, measured by affordable housing scarcity, public benefit usage, and state fiscal health, may play a role in the adoption of state collateral sanction policies over time. In contrast to previous research, results offer mixed evidence regarding the relationship between the racial makeup of the state and the adoption of collateral sanctions policies. Policy implications are discussed.

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