scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) and Green Spinach (Amaranthus hybridus L.) Extracts for Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Protectant against UVB Radiation for the Control of Armyworm (Spodoptera litura Fab.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Siti Sumarmi ◽  
Mifta Arlinda ◽  
Sukirno Sukirno
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Protein Crystal ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Morphological Observation ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Uvb Radiation

Spodoptera litura Fab. is an insect that damage cultivated plants in Indonesia. Efforts to control it can be done by using biological agents for example by using Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk.). Unfortunately, the Btk. is easily degraded by UV radiation. This research aimed to study the effectiveness of red and green spinach as UVB protection for Btk. and to observe the pathogenicity of Btk. formulations against armyworm. Furthermore, the sublethal effect of Btk. against S. litura was investigated. The morphology of the endospore, protein crystal, and bacterium were observed under a contrast phase microscope. The extracts at 2% (w/v) were mixed with Btk. suspensions at 5 x 104, 5x105, and 5x106 (spores/ml), respectively. The formulations then exposed under Ultraviolet B (UVB) lights for 3, 6, and 9 hours then tested against the 3rd larval instar of armyworm. The larval mortality was observed daily and the analysis of variance was analyzed by one way anova. The sublethal effects of the treatment to the pupal and adult stages were observed when the moths emerge. The results showed that the larval mortality caused by  Btk. mixed with red spinach ranged from 11.7 to 26.7%. The sublethal effects of Btk. resulted in smaller sizes of pupae and imago, darker pupae, and wings abnormality of the adult stage, compared to any control treatment. The morphological observation of the bacteria showed that extracts gave UV protection against UVB. These results suggested that red and green spinach potentially can be used as a protectant for Btk. against UVB.

UV radiation effects on the embryos of anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) and common sardine (Strangomera bentincki) off central Chile

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Vásquez ◽  
A. Llanos-Rivera ◽  
L. R. Castro ◽  
C. Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Hatching Success ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Uvb Radiation ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Fish Embryos ◽  
Engraulis Ringens

It has been proposed that current levels of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation could cause lethal or sublethal effects on fish embryos located in the upper layers of the water column. Observed levels of UVB off central Chile (36°S, 73°W) indicate that planktonic fish embryos could be exposed to harmful UVB radiation. From July 2011 to January 2012 embryos from anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) and common sardine (Strangomera bentincki) were used to test experimentally whether the UVB levels in central Chile produce lethal or sublethal effects in epipelagic fish embryos. Simultaneously, whether the embryos might be exposed to harmful UVB levels in the field was investigated. Our experimental results show that UVB may cause a decrease in hatching success, changes in buoyancy and embryonic malformations. These results, along with the observed vertical distribution of embryos and UVB radiation levels in the field during late spring suggest that lethal and sublethal effects may be occurring in the embryos of both species.

scholarly journals THE USE OF GOLDEN SNAIL MEAL TO ENRICH BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS CULTURE MEDIA AND ITS EFFECT ON THE BACTERIAL TOXICITY AGAINST SPODOPTERA LITURA

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia Pujiastuti ◽  
Siti Masyitah ◽  
Sarah Dirgahayu ◽  
Suparman Surya Hadikusuma ◽  
Effendy .
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Treatment Parameter ◽  
Bacterial Toxicity

The use of golden snail meal to enrich Bacillus thuringiensis culture media and its effect on the bacterial toxicity against spodoptera litura. Bacillus thuringiensis is an entomopathogenic bacterium producing spore and protein at sporulation.  There has been limited research on using golden snail as protein resource to enrich bacterial culture media.  This research was aimed at studying bacterial cell/spore production in culture media made from coconut water media and liquid waste of tofu industry (tofu whey) enriched with golden snail meal (GSM), as well as its toxicity against Spodoptera litura. The research was conducted in the Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University, from June to September 2017. The experiment was arranged in a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD) with two factors and three replications. The first factor was the addition of GSM (0, 5, 9, 13 and 17 g) and the second was storage longevity (0, 1, and 2 months). Number of test insect (third instar of S. litura) was 30 larvae per treatment.  Parameter observed were spore density, larval mortality, and symptom of infected larvae.  The results showed that B. thuringiensis cultured in culture media enriched with 13 g golden snail meal produced the highest spore density, amounted to 14.14 x 107spores/ml and caused larval mortality up to 86.67%. After one and two month storage treatments, the spore density in the cultures reduced to 2.51 x 107 and 1.49 x 107 spores/ml, respectively. There was a tendency of reduction in spore density under longer storage of the culture. Survived larvae developed abnormally, failed to transform to pupa or imago. 

Different Carotenoid Enrichment in Two Climacteric Fruits after Post- Harvest UV-B Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-108
Author(s):  
Carolina F. Assumpção ◽  
Médelin M. da Silva ◽  
Vanessa S. Hermes ◽  
Annamaria Ranieri ◽  
Ester A. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Compound Synthesis ◽  
Viable Method

Background: Ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation is a promising and environmentally friendly technique, which in a low flow rate, can induce bioactive compound synthesis. This work aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of post-harvest UV-B treatment in order to improve carotenoid content in climacteric fruits like persimmon and guava fruits. Methods: The fruits were harvested at commercial maturity and placed into climatic chambers equipped with UV-B lamps. For control treatment, the UV-B lamps were covered by a benzophenone film, known to block the radiation. This radiation was applied during 48 hours and fruits were sampled at 25, 30 and 48 hours of each treatment. HPLC analysis was performed to separate and identify carotenoid compounds from fruit skin after a saponification process. Results: Fruit from 30 hours treatment began to present a carotenoid accumulation since the majority of analyzed compounds exhibited its synthesis stimulated from this time on. In persimmon skin, it was observed that the maximum content was reached after 48 hours of UV-B treatment. Conclusion: These results suggest that this post-harvest UV-B treatment can be an innovative and a viable method to induce beneficial effects on guava and mainly on persimmon fruit.

scholarly journals Effect of gallic acid on the larvae of Spodoptera litura and its parasitoid Bracon hebetor

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhay Punia ◽  
Nalini Singh Chauhan ◽  
Drishtant Singh ◽  
Anup Kumar Kesavan ◽  
Sanehdeep Kaur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Bracon Hebetor ◽  
Total Hemocyte Count ◽  
Glutathione S Transferases ◽  
Immense Potential

AbstractThe antibiosis effect of gallic acid on Spodoptera litura F. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its parasitoid evaluated by feeding six days old larvae on artificial diet incorporated with different concentrations (5 ppm, 25 ppm, 125 ppm, 625 ppm, 3125 ppm) of the phenolic compound revealed higher concentration (LC50) of gallic acid had a negative impact on the survival and physiology of S. litura and its parasitoid Bracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera:Braconidae). The mortality of S. litura larvae was increased whereas adult emergence declined with increasing concentration of gallic acid. The developmental period was delayed significantly and all the nutritional indices were reduced significantly with increase in concentration. Higher concentration (LC50) of gallic acid adversely affected egg hatching, larval mortality, adult emergence and total development period of B. hebetor. At lower concentration (LC30) the effect on B. hebetor adults and larvae was non-significant with respect to control. Gene expression for the enzymes viz., Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase, Peroxidase, Esterases and Glutathione S transferases increased while the total hemocyte count of S. litura larvae decreased with treatment. Our findings suggest that gallic acid even at lower concentration (LC30) can impair the growth of S. litura larvae without causing any significant harm to its parasitoid B. hebetor and has immense potential to be used as biopesticides.

scholarly journals Protective Effect of Spirulina-Derived C-Phycocyanin against Ultraviolet B-Induced Damage in HaCaT Cells

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 273
Author(s):  
Young Ah Jang ◽  
Bo Ae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Skin Aging ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hacat Cells ◽  
Uvb Radiation ◽  
Skin Damage ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Radiation Group ◽  
Skin Wrinkles

Background and objectives: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overwhelm the antioxidant defense system, induce oxidative stress, and increase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, resulting in skin aging. Thus, preventing ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced skin damage can attenuate skin aging. Spirulina (a biomass of cyanobacteria, also called blue-green algae) is comprised of prokaryotes, whereas microalgae are eukaryotes and are rich in phycocyanin, a powerful antioxidant. Materials and Methods: Here, we investigated the photoprotective effects of spirulina-derived C-phycocyanin (C-PC) against UVB radiation using keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). Results: UVB radiation increased MMP-1 and MMP-9 expression but decreased involucrin, filaggrin, and loricrin expression. C-PC showed no toxicity at concentrations of 5–80 μg/mL in terms of HaCaT cell viability. UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells had a 50.8% survival rate, which increased to 80.3% with C-PC treatment. MMP expression increased with UVB treatment, whereas MMP-1 and MMP-9 concentrations decreased with C-PC treatment. UVB reduced involucrin, filaggrin, and loricrin expression in HaCaT cells, but 80 μg/mL C-PC increased their expression by >25%. In the UVB radiation group, dichlorofluorescin diacetate fluorescence intensity in HaCaT cells increased by 81.6% compared with that in the control group, whereas ROS production was reduced by 51.2% and 55.1% upon treatment with 40 and 80 μg/mL C-PC, respectively. Conclusions: C-PC might reduce or prevent skin aging by reducing UVB irradiation-induced skin wrinkles and free radicals.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of Metarhizium rileyi (Farlow) Kepler, S.A. Rehner and Humber isolates against Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) and their extracellular enzymatic activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurmehar Kaur Grewal ◽  
Neelam Joshi ◽  
Yadhu Suneja
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Metarhizium Rileyi ◽  
Percent Mortality ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Extracellular Enzymatic Activities ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Abstract Background Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a serious agricultural pest that infests many commercially important crops of Southeast Asian countries. Indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides has led to various health hazards as well as insecticide resistance. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) provide an important alternative as biological control agents. Metarhizium rileyi is an EPF with a specific host range for lepidopteran pests. The present study aimed to identify virulent M. rileyi isolate against S. litura larvae and analyse their extracellular cuticle-degrading enzyme activities. Results Three M. rileyi isolates viz M. rileyi NIPHM, M. rileyi MTCC 4254 and M. rileyi MTCC 10395 formulations were evaluated at different concentrations against 2nd instar larvae of S. litura. A maximum percent mortality of 63.33% was recorded in M. rileyi NIPHM (12 g/l), followed by M. rileyi MTCC 4254 (58.33%) at the same concentration, 10 days post-treatment. Maximum means of chitinase, protease and lipase activities (0.44, 1.58 and 2.95 U/ml, respectively) were recorded in the case of M. rileyi NIPHM. Correlation analysis was positive between enzyme activity and larval mortality. Conclusions Metarhizium rileyi NIPHM recorded the highest enzymatic activity and exhibited the maximum mortality rate against 2nd instar larvae of S. litura, suggesting the possible role of these enzymes in the pathogenicity of the fungus. Further knowledge in this regard may help in the development of enzyme-based screening methods for selecting virulent fungal isolates for the eco-friendly management of crop pests.

Flavonoids and UV Photoprotection in Arabidopsis Mutants

2001 ◽  
Vol 56 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 745-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken G Ryan ◽  
Ewald E Swinny ◽  
Chris Winefield ◽  
Kenneth R Markham
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acid ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Uvb Radiation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives ◽  
Quercetin Glycosides ◽  
Kaempferol Glycosides ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Level

AbstractWild-type Arabidopsis L. leaves exposed to low ultraviolet-B (U V B ) conditions contained predominantly kaempferol glycosides, with low levels of quercetin glycosides. The flavonoid level doubled on treatment with UVB and an increase in the ratio of quercetin: kaempferol was observed. These results suggest that flavonols protect Arabidopsis plants from UVB damage, and indicate that the flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase (F3’H) enzyme, which converts dihydrokaempferol to dihydroquercetin, may play a crucial role. The tt7 mutant lacks this gene and, after treatment with sub-ambient UVB, contained kaempferol glycosides exclusively, to a level of total flavonols similar to that in wild-type Arabidopsis. Total flavonols after enhanced UVB treatment were higher in tt7 than in similarly treated wild-type plants, and only kaempferol glycosides were detected. Despite this high level, tt7 plants were less tolerant of UVB radiation than wild-type plants. These observations suggests that kaempferol is a less effective photoprotectant than quercetin. The chalcone isomerase (CHI) mutant (tt5) surprisingly did not accumulate naringenin chalcone, and this suggests that the mutation may not be restricted to the CHI gene alone. The concentration of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives did not change with UVB treatment in most varieties indicating that their role in UV photoprotection may be subordinate to that of the flavonoids.

scholarly journals Long-term UVB exposure promotes predator-inspection behaviour in a fish

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 20170497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Vitt ◽  
Janina E. Zierul ◽  
Theo C. M. Bakker ◽  
Ingolf P. Rick
Keyword(s):  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Antipredator Behaviour ◽  
Uvb Radiation ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Natural Sunlight ◽  
Predator Inspection

Ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB) reaching the earth's surface has increased due to human-caused stratospheric ozone depletion. Whereas the harmful effects of UVB on aquatic organisms are well studied at the molecular and cellular level, recent studies have also begun to address behavioural changes caused by sublethal amounts of UVB. However, the behavioural consequences of long-term exposure to ecologically relevant UVB levels over several life stages are virtually unknown, particularly with regard to predator–prey behaviour. We found increased predator-inspection behaviour together with a smaller body length in three-spined sticklebacks ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) after fish were exposed for about seven months to natural sunlight conditions with enhanced UVB, compared with full siblings exposed to natural sunlight only. The observed change in antipredator behaviour may reflect a direct behavioural response mediated through UVB-induced oxidative stress during development. Alternatively, the smaller body size in UVB-exposed fish may result in an increased inspection effort allowing them to spend more time foraging. Our findings suggest that, within the scope of environmental change, UVB radiation constitutes an important stress factor by eliciting behavioural responses that influence crucial ecological processes, such as predator–prey interactions.

LONG TERM STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AERIAL APPLICATION OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS – ACEPHATE COMBINATIONS AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (9) ◽  
pp. 1239-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. N. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Long Term Study

AbstractBacillus thuringiensis (Dipel® 36B) mixed with a sublethal concentration of acephate (Orthene®) (O, S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate), an organophosphorous insecticide, was applied at 2.35–14 l./ha to white spruce (Picea glauca) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea) trees infested with spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). The treatment rate was 20 Billion International Units of B. thuringiensis (B.t.) activity with or without 42 g of active ingredient of acephate/ha.The ground deposit of the standard Dipel wettable powder formulation was 12% of emitted volume compared with 21–32% for the Dipel 36B flowable. The viability of B.t. spores was drastically reduced after 1 day of weathering but a high level of biological activity by the spore–crystal complex persisted for up to 20 days post-spray due probably to crystal activity.The addition of about 10% of the recommended operational rate of acephate to the B.t. suspension increased larval mortality by 34% when applied at 4.7 l./ha. Reductions in budworm populations were 97–99% in B.t. + acephate plots and 86–90% in B.t. alone plots.Plots with moderate budworm densities of up to 27 larvae/100 buds on white spruce and 36/100 on balsam fir were satisfactorily protected from excessive defoliation in the year of spray by B.t. with or without acephate. Plots with higher population densities were not satisfactorily protected based on the branch sample examination but aerial color photographs indicated good protection to the top third of the trees. Population declines were greater and defoliation and oviposition were lower in the treated plots than in the untreated checks 1 year later without further treatment. Two years later the larval population densities in all plots were low but the density was twice as high in the untreated check as in the treated plots, indicating long term suppression by the treatments. Defoliation was negligible in all plots.The treatments had no deleterious effect on spruce budworm parasitism. The data indicate that the integrated approach using Bacillus thuringiensis – chemical pesticide combinations is a viable alternative to the use of chemical pesticides alone in spruce budworm control. Large scale testing is now warranted.

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