UV radiation effects on the embryos of anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) and common sardine (Strangomera bentincki) off central Chile

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Vásquez ◽  
A. Llanos-Rivera ◽  
L. R. Castro ◽  
C. Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Hatching Success ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Uvb Radiation ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Fish Embryos ◽  
Engraulis Ringens

It has been proposed that current levels of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation could cause lethal or sublethal effects on fish embryos located in the upper layers of the water column. Observed levels of UVB off central Chile (36°S, 73°W) indicate that planktonic fish embryos could be exposed to harmful UVB radiation. From July 2011 to January 2012 embryos from anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) and common sardine (Strangomera bentincki) were used to test experimentally whether the UVB levels in central Chile produce lethal or sublethal effects in epipelagic fish embryos. Simultaneously, whether the embryos might be exposed to harmful UVB levels in the field was investigated. Our experimental results show that UVB may cause a decrease in hatching success, changes in buoyancy and embryonic malformations. These results, along with the observed vertical distribution of embryos and UVB radiation levels in the field during late spring suggest that lethal and sublethal effects may be occurring in the embryos of both species.

Vertical distribution and gas bladder inflation/deflation in postlarval anchoveta Engraulis ringens during upwelling events

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio F. Landaeta ◽  
Leonardo R. Castro
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Austral Spring ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Gas Bladder ◽  
Engraulis Ringens ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

Vertical distribution of fish larvae can be modified by a series of physical processes occurring in the water column at different time and spatial scales and also by biological processes occurring during larval development. To assess the factors affecting the vertical distribution of larval anchoveta Engraulis ringens during austral spring, meteorological and oceanographic features were measured and stratified ichthyoplankton sampling was carried out in central Chile during active upwelling events. In November 2001, during the upwelling season, southerly winds dominate, and intrusion of low dissolved oxygen occurred in nearshore waters; preflexion larvae of E. ringens were collected in the mixed layer of the water column (the Ekman layer) irrespective of day and night hours. Larvae larger than 10 mm showed an inflated gas bladder during night collections, and non-inflated gas bladder during day hours. Larvae with inflated gas bladders were located significantly at shallower depths during night than at day hours, indicating a direct relationship between gas bladder inflation, diel vertical migration of larval E. ringens and decrease of wind-induced turbulence at night. We discuss the potential implications of larval E. ringens vertical distribution and its variability on the horizontal transport off coastal waters during the upwelling season off central Chile as a biophysical coupling to enhance coastal retention.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) and Green Spinach (Amaranthus hybridus L.) Extracts for Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Protectant against UVB Radiation for the Control of Armyworm (Spodoptera litura Fab.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Siti Sumarmi ◽  
Mifta Arlinda ◽  
Sukirno Sukirno
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Protein Crystal ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Morphological Observation ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Uvb Radiation

Spodoptera litura Fab. is an insect that damage cultivated plants in Indonesia. Efforts to control it can be done by using biological agents for example by using Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk.). Unfortunately, the Btk. is easily degraded by UV radiation. This research aimed to study the effectiveness of red and green spinach as UVB protection for Btk. and to observe the pathogenicity of Btk. formulations against armyworm. Furthermore, the sublethal effect of Btk. against S. litura was investigated. The morphology of the endospore, protein crystal, and bacterium were observed under a contrast phase microscope. The extracts at 2% (w/v) were mixed with Btk. suspensions at 5 x 104, 5x105, and 5x106 (spores/ml), respectively. The formulations then exposed under Ultraviolet B (UVB) lights for 3, 6, and 9 hours then tested against the 3rd larval instar of armyworm. The larval mortality was observed daily and the analysis of variance was analyzed by one way anova. The sublethal effects of the treatment to the pupal and adult stages were observed when the moths emerge. The results showed that the larval mortality caused by  Btk. mixed with red spinach ranged from 11.7 to 26.7%. The sublethal effects of Btk. resulted in smaller sizes of pupae and imago, darker pupae, and wings abnormality of the adult stage, compared to any control treatment. The morphological observation of the bacteria showed that extracts gave UV protection against UVB. These results suggested that red and green spinach potentially can be used as a protectant for Btk. against UVB.

scholarly journals Protective Effect of Spirulina-Derived C-Phycocyanin against Ultraviolet B-Induced Damage in HaCaT Cells

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 273
Author(s):  
Young Ah Jang ◽  
Bo Ae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Skin Aging ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hacat Cells ◽  
Uvb Radiation ◽  
Skin Damage ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Radiation Group ◽  
Skin Wrinkles

Background and objectives: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overwhelm the antioxidant defense system, induce oxidative stress, and increase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, resulting in skin aging. Thus, preventing ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced skin damage can attenuate skin aging. Spirulina (a biomass of cyanobacteria, also called blue-green algae) is comprised of prokaryotes, whereas microalgae are eukaryotes and are rich in phycocyanin, a powerful antioxidant. Materials and Methods: Here, we investigated the photoprotective effects of spirulina-derived C-phycocyanin (C-PC) against UVB radiation using keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). Results: UVB radiation increased MMP-1 and MMP-9 expression but decreased involucrin, filaggrin, and loricrin expression. C-PC showed no toxicity at concentrations of 5–80 μg/mL in terms of HaCaT cell viability. UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells had a 50.8% survival rate, which increased to 80.3% with C-PC treatment. MMP expression increased with UVB treatment, whereas MMP-1 and MMP-9 concentrations decreased with C-PC treatment. UVB reduced involucrin, filaggrin, and loricrin expression in HaCaT cells, but 80 μg/mL C-PC increased their expression by >25%. In the UVB radiation group, dichlorofluorescin diacetate fluorescence intensity in HaCaT cells increased by 81.6% compared with that in the control group, whereas ROS production was reduced by 51.2% and 55.1% upon treatment with 40 and 80 μg/mL C-PC, respectively. Conclusions: C-PC might reduce or prevent skin aging by reducing UVB irradiation-induced skin wrinkles and free radicals.

Flavonoids and UV Photoprotection in Arabidopsis Mutants

2001 ◽  
Vol 56 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 745-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken G Ryan ◽  
Ewald E Swinny ◽  
Chris Winefield ◽  
Kenneth R Markham
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acid ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Uvb Radiation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives ◽  
Quercetin Glycosides ◽  
Kaempferol Glycosides ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Level

AbstractWild-type Arabidopsis L. leaves exposed to low ultraviolet-B (U V B ) conditions contained predominantly kaempferol glycosides, with low levels of quercetin glycosides. The flavonoid level doubled on treatment with UVB and an increase in the ratio of quercetin: kaempferol was observed. These results suggest that flavonols protect Arabidopsis plants from UVB damage, and indicate that the flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase (F3’H) enzyme, which converts dihydrokaempferol to dihydroquercetin, may play a crucial role. The tt7 mutant lacks this gene and, after treatment with sub-ambient UVB, contained kaempferol glycosides exclusively, to a level of total flavonols similar to that in wild-type Arabidopsis. Total flavonols after enhanced UVB treatment were higher in tt7 than in similarly treated wild-type plants, and only kaempferol glycosides were detected. Despite this high level, tt7 plants were less tolerant of UVB radiation than wild-type plants. These observations suggests that kaempferol is a less effective photoprotectant than quercetin. The chalcone isomerase (CHI) mutant (tt5) surprisingly did not accumulate naringenin chalcone, and this suggests that the mutation may not be restricted to the CHI gene alone. The concentration of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives did not change with UVB treatment in most varieties indicating that their role in UV photoprotection may be subordinate to that of the flavonoids.

scholarly journals Effect of solar ultraviolet radiation (280–400 nm) on the eggs and larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1058-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
France Béland ◽  
Howard I Browman ◽  
Carolina Alonso Rodriguez ◽  
Jean-François St-Pierre
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Outdoor Exposure ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Solar Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Mortality Effect ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Very High ◽  
Solar Ultraviolet

In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, solar ultraviolet B radiation (UV-B, 280-320 nm) penetrates a significant percentage of the summer mixed-layer water column: organisms residing in this layer, such as the eggs of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), are exposed to UV-B. In outdoor exposure experiments, Atlantic cod eggs were incubated in the presence versus the absence of UV-B and (or) UV-A (320-400 nm). We tested two hypotheses: H1, UV-B induces mortality in Atlantic cod eggs, and H2, UV-A either exacerbates or mitigates any such UV-B-induced mortality. Hypothesis H1 was supported: there was a significant mortality effect on Atlantic cod eggs exposed to UV-B at the surface and at a depth of 50 cm. Hypothesis H2 was not supported: there was no effect of UV-A. These experiments indicate that Atlantic cod eggs present in the first metre of the water column (likely only a small percentage of the total egg population) are susceptible to UV-B. However, UV-B must be viewed as only one among many environmental factors that produce the very high levels of mortality typically observed in the planktonic early life stages of marine fishes.

scholarly journals Long-term UVB exposure promotes predator-inspection behaviour in a fish

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 20170497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Vitt ◽  
Janina E. Zierul ◽  
Theo C. M. Bakker ◽  
Ingolf P. Rick
Keyword(s):  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Antipredator Behaviour ◽  
Uvb Radiation ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Natural Sunlight ◽  
Predator Inspection

Ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB) reaching the earth's surface has increased due to human-caused stratospheric ozone depletion. Whereas the harmful effects of UVB on aquatic organisms are well studied at the molecular and cellular level, recent studies have also begun to address behavioural changes caused by sublethal amounts of UVB. However, the behavioural consequences of long-term exposure to ecologically relevant UVB levels over several life stages are virtually unknown, particularly with regard to predator–prey behaviour. We found increased predator-inspection behaviour together with a smaller body length in three-spined sticklebacks ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) after fish were exposed for about seven months to natural sunlight conditions with enhanced UVB, compared with full siblings exposed to natural sunlight only. The observed change in antipredator behaviour may reflect a direct behavioural response mediated through UVB-induced oxidative stress during development. Alternatively, the smaller body size in UVB-exposed fish may result in an increased inspection effort allowing them to spend more time foraging. Our findings suggest that, within the scope of environmental change, UVB radiation constitutes an important stress factor by eliciting behavioural responses that influence crucial ecological processes, such as predator–prey interactions.

Diel vertical distribution of early marine phase juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and behaviour when exposed to salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)

2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 796-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tang ◽  
A.G. Lewis ◽  
M. Sackville ◽  
L. Nendick ◽  
C. DiBacco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Salmon Louse ◽  
Seawater Acclimation

We observed diel vertical migration patterns in juvenile pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792)) and tested the hypothesis that fish behaviour is altered by exposure to sea lice copepodids. Experiments involved replicated field deployments of a large (9 m) plankton column, which provided a vertical distribution enclosure under natural light and salinity conditions. Diel vertical distributions of juvenile pink salmon were observed during the first 3 weeks of seawater acclimation in both the presence and the absence of the ectoparasitic salmon louse ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1838)). Immediately upon entering seawater, juvenile pink salmon preferred the top 1 m of the water column, but they moved significantly deeper down the vertical water column as seawater acclimation time increased. A significant diel migration pattern was observed, which involved a preference for the surface at night-time, compared with daytime. When fish in the column were exposed to L. salmonis copepodids for 3 h, 43%–62% of fish became infected, fish expanded their vertical distribution range, and significant changes in vertical distribution patterns were observed.

scholarly journals hSSB2 (NABP1) is required for the recruitment of RPA during the cellular response to DNA UV damage

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Didier Boucher ◽  
Ruvini Kariawasam ◽  
Joshua Burgess ◽  
Adrian Gimenez ◽  
Tristan E. Ocampo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Excision Repair ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Repair System ◽  
Uvb Radiation ◽  
Exogenous Dna

AbstractMaintenance of genomic stability is critical to prevent diseases such as cancer. As such, eukaryotic cells have multiple pathways to efficiently detect, signal and repair DNA damage. One common form of exogenous DNA damage comes from ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. UVB generates cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) that must be rapidly detected and repaired to maintain the genetic code. The nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway is the main repair system for this type of DNA damage. Here, we determined the role of the human Single-Stranded DNA Binding protein 2, hSSB2, in the response to UVB exposure. We demonstrate that hSSB2 levels increase in vitro and in vivo after UVB irradiation and that hSSB2 rapidly binds to chromatin. Depletion of hSSB2 results in significantly decreased Replication Protein A (RPA32) phosphorylation and impaired RPA32 localisation to the site of UV-induced DNA damage. Delayed recruitment of NER protein Xeroderma Pigmentosum group C (XPC) was also observed, leading to increased cellular sensitivity to UVB. Finally, hSSB2 was shown to have affinity for single-strand DNA containing a single CPD and for duplex DNA with a two-base mismatch mimicking a CPD moiety. Altogether our data demonstrate that hSSB2 is involved in the cellular response to UV exposure.

scholarly journals Patterns of distribution and abundance of larval phosichthyidae (actinopterygii, stomiiformes) in southeastern Brazilian waters

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cássia Gôngora Goçalo ◽  
Mario Katsuragawa ◽  
Ilson Carlos Almeida da Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Vertical Migration ◽  
Diel Vertical Migration ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Patterns Of Distribution ◽  
Oceanic Region ◽  
Brazil Current ◽  
Horizontal And Vertical Distribution

Horizontal and vertical distribution patterns and abundance of larval phosichthyids were investigated from oblique and depth-stratified towns off Southeastern brazilian waters, from São Tomé cape (41ºW.; 22ºS.) to São Sebastião island (45ºW.; 24ºS.). The sampling was performed during two cruises (January/2002 -summer; August/2002 -winter). Overall 538 larvae of Phosichthyidae were collected during summer and 158 in the winter. Three species, Pollichthys mauli, Vinciguerria nimbaria and Ichthyioccoccus sp. occurred in the area, but Ichthyioccoccus sp. was extremely rare represented by only one specimen, caught in the oceanic region during the summer. Geographically, larval were concentrated in the oceanic region, and vertically distributed mainly between the surface and 80 m depth in the summer and winter. Larvae were more abundant during the night, performing a diel vertical migration in the water column. The results suggest that the meandering and eddies of Brazil Current play important role on the transport and distribution patterns of larval phosichthyids over the oceanic and neritic area in the Southeastern Brazil.

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