scholarly journals Correlation between Epidermis Thickness, Leaf Trichome Length and Density with the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Population on Five Local Soybean Cultivars

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Muhamad Lutfi ◽  
Purnama Hidayat ◽  
Nina Maryana
Keyword(s):  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Epidermal Thickness ◽  
Lower Leaf Surface ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Leaf Trichome

Soybeans compsumsion in Indonesia is about 2.7 million ton, while the national production is only about 0.7 million ton per year. There are some problems in the soybean production in Indonesia, including pests and diseases. Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is one of the important pests in soybeans causes a significant loss of yields. Developing soybean cultivars resistant to whitefly is one of method to reduce the production loss. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the physical characteristics of lower surface leaves and B. tabaci population on five local soybean cultivars. The experiments were conducted in the IPB greenhouse by Completely Randomized Design (RCD) using five soybean cultivars (Anjasmoro, Dena-1, Detam-3, Devon-1, and Wilis) with 3 replicates. Three plants of each cultivar were planted in a polybag, put under a cage, and after one week then infested with 5 female whiteflies. The parameters observed in this study were leaf epidermal thickness; density and length of trichome on lower leaf surface; and the number of egg, nymph, and adult of the whitefly. Observations were carried out every week, from 1−7 weeks after the plant was infested with the whitefly. The population of whitefly was affected by trichome density and length, as well as by the epidermal thickness of the lower leaf surface. The infestation of B. tabaci was higher in the soybean cultivars with denser and longer leaf trichomes, and thinner epidermal of the lower leaf surface. This result of this research suggests that it is necessary to include the characteristics of leaf trichome and epidermal thickness in the breeding program to produce soybean cultivars that are superior in productivity and resistant to whitefly.

Behavior of Neonate Imported Cabbageworm Larvae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Under Laboratory Conditions on Collard Leaves with Glossy or Normal Waxi

1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Stoner
Keyword(s):  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Lower Leaf Surface ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Observation Period

Movement and feeding of newly-hatched imported cabbageworms, Pieris rapae (L.), on the upper and lower leaf surfaces of collard plants with glossy and normal waxes were monitored using a videocamera. During the 50-min observation period, more of the larvae fed when placed on the lower surface of leaves with normal wax (50 to 68%) than on the upper surface (23 to 32%), or on either upper (27%) or lower (16%) surfaces of leaves with glossy wax. A larger portion of the larvae moved at least 1 mm on glossy leaves than on normal leaves, and they moved farther during the observation period on glossy than on normal leaves, and on the upper leaf surface compared to the lower leaf surface. The failure of a large proportion of the larvae to begin feeding on either surface of leaves with glossy wax is likely to be an important factor in the resistance to imported cabbageworms observed in the field.

Mycosphaerella fijiensis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Mycosphaerella Fijiensis ◽  
Lower Leaf Surface ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Axis Parallel ◽  
Black Leaf Streak ◽  
Leaf Symptoms

Abstract A description is provided for Mycosphaerella fijiensis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Musa spp. DISEASE: Black leaf streak of banana. A comparison of the conidial states of M. fijiensis and M. musicola (CMI Descript. 414, Sigatoka of banana) has been given, as has a detailed account of the symptoms (48, 3071; and see 44, 191, 1180; 45, 1867). Initially reddish-brown specks form on the lower leaf surface, they elongate to become streaks up to 20 × 2 mm, with the long axis parallel to the leaf veins and at this stage are more clearly visible on the lower leaf surface. The streaks can be extremely numerous; they darken, become almost black and are clearly seen on the lower surface. The streak develops into a fusiform or elliptical spot, with a light brown, water soaked margin and a dark centre. The centre dries out becoming light grey or buff, sunken, surrounded by a narrow dark brown or black border and often by a chlorotic zone beyond. Necrosis of the whole leaf can occur in 3-4 weeks. Some differences in the macroscopic leaf symptoms between black leaf streak and Sigatoka occur. In the latter disease the early stage streaks are clearly seen on the upper surface and are yellowish; in the former the streaks are darker at similar stages in development. But there are no clear macroscopic differences between the mature spots of the two diseases. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The disease was first described from Fiji in 1963 (although because of probable confusion with M. musicola there may be earlier unsubstantiated records). It is widespread in the islands of the Pacific (Oceania); it may be absent from the mainland of S.E. Asia and does not occur in Australia, Africa or America (CMI Map 500, ed. 1, 1974). TRANSMISSION: Perithecia are formed in abundance and, therefore, the ascospores are considered important in spread, perhaps more so than the conidia (44, 1180; 45, 1867). In dry weather ascospore concentration reached a max. near 0600 h as dew formed. On rainy days peak concentrations were reached shortly after rain began. Seasonal increases in ascospores were associated with those of rainfall and relative humidity (52, 4160).

Ectopic growth of the fungal symbiont (Chaetothyriales) on Ipomoea carnea

Botany ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziza Ibrahim Noor ◽  
Amy Nava ◽  
Marwa Neyaz ◽  
Peter Cooke ◽  
Rebecca Creamer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Storage Disease ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Lower Leaf Surface ◽  
Ipomoea Carnea ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Glycoprotein Processing

Swainsonine, an indolizidine alkaloid, is an alpha-mannosidase and mannosidase II inhibitor that alters glycoprotein processing and causes lysosomal storage disease. Swainsonine is the toxic principle in several plant species worldwide and causes severe toxicosis in livestock grazing these plants. All swainsonine-containing plant taxa investigated to date are associated with fungal symbionts that produce swainsonine. Among the swainsonine-containing convolvulaceous species, Ipomoea carnea is associated with a seed transmitted symbiont belonging to the fungal order Chaetothyriales. The nature of this association was unclear therefore this association was investigated further using microscopy. Macroscopic and microscopic data reported here demonstrate that the Chaetothyriales symbiont associated with I. carnea grows ectopically on the adaxial (upper) surface of leaves as lacy mycelia in plants that contain swainsonine and was not present on plants lacking swainsonine that were derived from fungicide treated seeds. Hyphae were not observed on the surface of any other tissues including the abaxial (lower) leaf surface, petiole, and stem. Mycelia were not visible in internal tissues below the epidermis and there did not appear to be any hyphal extensions within the fibrovascular bundles or stomata. Longitudinal and/or cross sections of the stems or petioles did not show evidence of hyphae growing between cells. These results suggest an epibiotic growth habit of the Chaetothyriales symbiont in association with I. carnea.

scholarly journals Efektifitas Pestisida Biologis Bacillus Cereus dan Bacillus Megaterium. sebagai Pengendali Spodoptera litura Fabr (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Made Indra Agastya ◽  
Aminudin Afandhi ◽  
Luqman Qurata Aini
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Bacillus Megaterium ◽  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Control Effectiveness ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

This research was conducted in vitro in the laboratory. Studies conducted in the Laboratory of Bacteriology Department of Plant Pests and Diseases of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, on the effectiveness of the bacteria Bacillus cereus and Bacillus megaterium as biological pesticides controlling Spodoptera litura. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the bacteria Bacillus sp as biological control. Effectiveness pesticide was measured by testing the incubation period and mortality in larvae of S. litura instar 3. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD), conducted observations every 6 hours until the larvae dead. The results showed that the percentage of mortality of S. litura reached 94.66% compared to the control, while the incubation time of the bacteria B. cereus cause disease until 29.84 hours. B. cereus and B. megaterium have the ability to incubate third instar larvae of S. litura up to 29.84 hours and caused the death of larvae up to 94.66%. Keywords: Biological pesticides, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, entomopatogen, Spodoptera litura

scholarly journals The Effect of Rhizobium japonicum on the Growth of Soybean Cultivars in Coastal Area

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Okti Purwaningsih ◽  
C. Tri Kusumastuti ◽  
Y. Sulistyo Nugroho ◽  
Casper Yoda Morib
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Area ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
Soybean Plants

The natural resources of the coastal area in Indonesia have the potential to be developed as an agricultural land with the support of both cultivation technology and land processing,  which one of them was done by using Rhizobium japonicum bacteria to meet the need of nitrogen in the soybean plants. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of nitrogen fixation in various soybean cultivars planted in the coastal area. The research was conducted in Mancingan, Parangtritis, Kretek, Bantul, DIY. The study was designed in Completely Randomized Design which consisted of two factors and was repeated three times. Factor I was Rhizobium japonicum inoculation (with inoculation and without inoculation); factor II was 10 various cultivars of soybean (Grobogan, Burangrang, Argomulyo, Anjasmara, Dena 1, Gema, Kaba, Wilis, Sinabung, Gepak Kuning). The results showed that the inoculation of Rhizobium japonicum in soybean cultivars in a coastal area could increase the number of root nodule, dry weight of root nodule, dry seed weight per plant, and harvest index. Burangrang cultivar planted in the coastal area was the most responsive to Rhizobium japonicum inoculation among other soybean cultivars tested.

Peronospora anemones. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Francis
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Lower Leaf Surface ◽  
Glass Slides ◽  
Secondary Infections

Abstract A description is provided for Peronospora anemones. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Anemone coronaria, A. globosa. DISEASE: Downy mildew of anemones. Infected leaves lose their natural bloom, appearing dull green, almost grey in colour and are often down curled giving the plant a rounded appearance. As the disease progresses, leaf colour may change to shades of pink or purple with necrotic areas appearing on the older leaves. Invasion by secondary organisms (e.g. Botrytis cinerea) is common, especially after frost or storm injury, and this accelerates plant death. In favourable conditions conidiophores develop forming a whitish-grey down on the lower leaf surface, on the bracts and, less frequently, on the petioles. It is not uncommon for affected plants to show little or no sporulation and in these cases the presence of extensive intercellular mycelium and, later in the season, oospores in petioles and peduncles helps diagnosis. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (New Zealand); Europe (England, Jersey, France, Italy, Netherlands). TRANSMISSION: Primary infection is caused by oospores in plant debris in the soil. Tramier (1963) was unable to germinate oospores and thus work out precise details of the conditions affecting their germination but he showed evidence that regular and prolonged rain encouraged germination. Conidia, which cause secondary infections, are dispersed by rain and during harvesting of the flowers. Wind is thought to be unimportant in their dissemination as shown by glass slides covered with vaseline and placed near an infected crop (Tramier, 1965).

Drymonia betancurii (Gesneriaceae), a new species from northwestern Colombia

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 221 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Clavijo ◽  
John Littner Clark
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Colombian Andes ◽  
White Spots ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
A New Species

A new species of Gesneriaceae from the Pacific slopes of the Colombian Andes is described and illustrated. The new species, Drymonia betancurii, is differentiated from other congeners by the following combination of characters: upper leaf surface with papillose-hispid trichomes, dark green and often covered with white spots; lower surface pitted; and corolla lobes orange-red with white to yellow margins.

Production and nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium absorption of sword bean leaf (Canavalia gladiata) in application of rock phosphate and VAM inoculation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nyimas Popi Indriani ◽  
Heryawan Kemal Mustafa ◽  
Budi Ayuningsih ◽  
Mansyur . ◽  
Ana Rochana
Keyword(s):  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Calcium Absorption ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Canavalia Gladiata ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Sword Beans (Canavalia gladiata) have high biomass, resistant to drought, pests and diseases, high fertility and seed productivity. The research purpose was to know rock phosphate dose effect on production and nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium uptake of sword bean leaf with VAM application. The design used was completely randomized design (CRD) with 2x5 factorial and repeated three times. The first factor was VAM; M0: without VAM and M1: with VAM of 10 g/bag. The second factor was rock phosphate; P0: without rock phosphate, P1: rock phosphate fertilization; 100 kg / ha, P2: 200 kg / ha, P3: 300 kg / ha and P4: 400 kg / ha. The results; dry matter and calcium absorption of sword bean leaves showed similar results for VAM and without VAM application. The nitrogen uptake of VAM inoculated plants differed significantly higher than non VAM application. In phosphorus uptake there was VAM and rock phosphate interaction.

scholarly journals Surface and Ultrastructural Feeding Injury to Strawberry Leaves by the Twospotted Spider Mite

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 948-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Campbell ◽  
Randolph L. Grayson ◽  
Richard P. Marini
Keyword(s):  
Spider Mite ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Twospotted Spider Mite ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Lower Leaf Surface ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Vascular Elements ◽  
Twospotted Spider

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate damage to strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) leaves caused by twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.). Mites damaged epidermal cells on the lower leaf surface, but did not damage major vascular elements of the leaf. Mite-damaged spongy and palisade parenchyma cells had coagulated protoplasts, with some cells devoid of cellular contents. Mesophyll cells adjacent to damaged regions showed no ultrastructural distortion or disruption of chloroplasts.

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