scholarly journals Pengantar Redaksi

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Redaksi Jurnal Filsafat

Jurnal Filsafat Volume 30 No. 1 Februari 2020 ini menghadirkan enam artikel dengan cakupan tema yang cukup beragama dari post-truth, ke isu lingkungan dan hak hewan hingga perdebatan tentang dikotomi moral dan hukum. Edisi ini dibuka dengan refleksi seorang pemikir filsafat nasional Professor Franz Magnis-Suseno SJ mengenai kondisi post-truth. Artikelnya bejudul “Philosophy, A Challenge To Post-Truth, Also In Indonesia” adalah desakan untuk mendorong peran filsafat dalam memerangi distribusi kebohongan dalam fenomena post-truth.  Tulisan Romo Magnis menekankan bahwa adalah tugas filsafat untuk menantang ketidakbenaran yang bersembunyi dibalik selubung kebenaran. Penulis mencontohtan upaya ini dengan menyingkap tabir kebohongan pada tiga hal yang telah diterima secara luas sebagai kebenaran yaitu tentang apa yang terjadi di Indonesia pada tahuan 1965 dan 1966; klaim bahwa Pancasila tidak selaras dengan demokrasi liberal; dan klaim ekstrimisme religius untuk menampilkan kebenaran dari agama. Penulis lebih jauh menekankan ajakan untuk mempertahankan kebebasan berdemokrasi tanpa kompromi. Selanjutnya, tiga penulis dari Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Gadjah Mada; Lailiy Muthmainnah, Rizal Mustansyir, dan Sindung Tjahyadi, mengetengahkan kajian mengenai isu lingkungan. Para penulis mempertanyakan kembali basis argumentasi yang dibangun dalam gagasan pembangunan berkelanjutan dalam konteks pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Para penulis artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa konsep pembangunan berkelanjutan tidak terlepas dari modernitas dengan segala persoalan yang ditimbulkannya. Basis argumentasi sustainable development adalah penciptaan kondisi keseimbangan antara kebutuhan generasi sekarang dan kecukupan kebutuhan generasi yang akan datang. Namun tarik ulur pemaknaan konsep keberlanjutan terjatuh pada konteks ekonomi sehingga kalkulasi cost-benefit ter-reduksi ke dalam kalkulasi cash-value. Akibatnya tujuan keseimbangan lingkungan hidup justru bermetamorfosis menjadi bentuk baru antroposentrisme.  Ni Nyoman Oktaria Asmarani, menghadirkan polemik tentang praktik kurban hewan dalam ritual adat di Bali dalam tulisannya yang berjudul “Kurban Hewan Dalam Upacara Yadnya: Membunuh Atau Memuliakan?” Yadnya adalah salah satu ibadah masyarakat Hindu Bali yang berarti kurban suci untuk dipersembahkan kepada Tuhan, yakni Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa. Dalam prosesnya, umat Hindu Bali biasa menggunakan hewan sebagai sesuatu yang dikurbankan untuk upacara yadnya. Bagi para pegiat animal welfare, penggunaan hewan ini dianggap sebagai sesuatu yang tidak patut karena itu berarti hewan hanya dimaknai sebatas pemenuh bagi keperluan manusia saja. Artikel ini berupaya memahami bagaimana hewan dimuliakan melalui berbagai cara, baik melalui pengorbanan dalam Yadnya, maupun memenuhi hak-haknya.  Artikel ke empat, Rona Utami dari Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Gadjah Mada berfokus padapasien transgender, khususnya transpuan, di Yogyakarta dalam mengakses layanan kesehatanmelalui perspektif etika biomedis Tom L. Beauchamp dan James Childress. Walaupun kelompok transgender tidak mengalami diskriminasiperlakuandalam pelayanan kesehatan tetapi tidak semua anggota transpuan mendapatkan asuransi jaminan sosial yang disediakan oleh pemerintah karena masalah administratif data kependudukan yang belum mengakomodasi pilihan gender mereka. Peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa diskriminasi berawal dari anggapan bahwa penerima manfaat sosial masih terbatas untuk pilihan gender tertentu. Menurut penulis, kondisi ini bertentangan denganprinsip keadilandalam etika biomedis. Artikel kelima berjudul ”Mitos Penciptaan Pada Serat Purwakandha BrantakusumanDan Potensi Kajian Filsafatnya”, ditulis oleh Sartini dan Luwiyanto dari Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Gadjah Mada. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji mitos  penciptaan dalam Serat Purwakandha Brantakusuman (SPB), bagaimana kekhasannya dibandingkan dengan  mitos-mitos di Indonesia dan teori mitos yang ada,  dan menjelaskan  tema-tema filsafati yang dapat dikaji dari mitos tersebut. Kajian mitos tentang asal-usul tetumbuhan merupakan hal baru karena  penelitian yang mengkaji mitos terkait pertanian dan Dewi Sri, pengaruh mitos dalam kehidupan dan aktivitas manusia, bentuk-bentuk ritual dan aktivitas sosial-budaya, serta hubungan antara mitos dan kesenian, lebih banyak terkait dengan asal-usul suatu tempat. Kedua penulis berargumen bahwa mitos  penciptaan tetumbuhan dalam SPB berlatar cerita kematian Dewi Tisnawati yang dibuang ke bumi. Mitos dalam SPB dan mitos-mitos di Indonesia berkontribusi mendukung konsep-konsep mitos yang sudah dijelaskan para pemikir besar.  Akhirnya, Syafruddin Muhtamar dan Muhammad Asri dari Universitas Hasanuddinmenutup volume ini artikel berjudul “Dikotomi Moral Dan Hukum Sebagai Problem Epistemologis Dalam Konstitusi Modern”. Fokus artikel ini adalah dikotomi moral dan hukum dalam konteks konstitusi modern yang mengakar pada pemikiran Thomas Aquinas dan Niccolo Machiavelli. Analisis difokuskan pada aspek epistemologis yang menjadi akar panjang dikotomi antara konsep moral dan hukum dalam konstitusimodern. Kedua penulismenyimpulkan bahwa paradigma hukum adi-kodrati dan positivisme merupakan  akarepistemikdari dikotomi konsep moral dan hukum tersebut. Mengakhiri kata pengantar ini, atas nama redaksi Jurnal Filsafat, kami menghaturkan terima kasih kepada para penulis dan mitra bestari yang telah berkontribusi dalam Volume 30 nomor 1 ini. Kepada para pembaca, kami haturkan selamat membaca dan menikmati setiap artikel pada Jurnal Filsafat edisi ini!.

Author(s):  
Rosabel Roig-Vila ◽  
Gladys Merma-Molina ◽  
Diego Gavilán-Martín

The authors analyze the figure of the Franciscan Francesc Eiximenis, and especially his Regiment de la cosa pública, from a reflection on medieval pedagogy and politics. Likewise, they establish meeting points between the thought, the words and the pedagogy of Eiximenis and those of other authors. So, the chapter draws a chronological-analytical line between him and other relevant figures of the 13th through the 16th centuries, such as Saint Thomas Aquinas, Beatus Ramon Llull, Niccolò Machiavelli, (Saint) Thomas More, Saint Vincent Ferrer, and Joan Lluis Vives.


2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Syafruddin Muhtamar ◽  
Muhammad Ashri

This article discusses dichotomy between moral and legal consideration occuring in the modern constitutions that can be traced back in the thoughts of Thomas Aquinas and Niccolo Machiavelli. The analysis focuses on the epistemological aspects of this dichotomy that are rooted for long in the moral and legal concepts in the modern constitution.Through epistemological analysis, the authors conclude that the epistemic root of the dichotomy lie in the contrasting paradigm between supernatural law and modern positivism. While modern constitutionalism constructs moral concepts that presummes Divine truth, the legal concepts oriented to rational truth. These two concepts should be intergrated without dichotomy through the dictum 'moral exaltation in the primacy of the law' so that the law will be able to answer legal issues in the society.


Author(s):  
Gerald M. Mara

Chapter 2 examines how Thomas Aquinas and Niccolo Machiavelli relate war to political order. Both offer different substantive judgments and divergent methodological commitments. Aquinas’s political order is set within a comprehensive natural order that human beings should recognize and respect. Machiavelli’s is constructed by an aggressive praxis that seeks to harness human passions, always unsuccessfully. Philosophically, Aquinas depends on a theological teleology that Machiavelli rejects. If we read these texts comparatively we find that each author identifies dimensions of politics that the other overlooks. Further, their individual political narratives show the limitations of their theoretical frameworks. Comparing Aquinas with Machiavelli helps not only to reveal tensions between political philosophy’s two partners, but also to show why such tensions cannot be addressed by giving either one of these pre-eminence. These readings underscore questions about the relationship between political order and war that are muted in more contemporary analyses.


Moreana ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (Number 207) (1) ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
Ismael del Olmo

This paper deals with unbelief and its relationship with fear and religion in Thomas More's Utopia. It stresses the fact that Epicurean and radical Aristotelian theses challenged Christian notions about immortality, Providence, and divine Judgement. The examples of Niccolò Machiavelli and Pietro Pomponazzi, contemporaries of More, are set to show a heterodox connection between these theses and the notion of fear of eternal punishment. More's account of the Utopian religion, on the contrary, distinguishes between human fear and religious fear. This distinction enables him to highlight the threat to spiritual and civic life posed by those who deny the soul and divine retribution.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 6156
Author(s):  
Nataša Šuman ◽  
Mojca Marinič ◽  
Milan Kuhta

Sustainable development is a priority for the future of our society. Sustainable development is of particular importance to the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry, both for new buildings and for the renovation of existing buildings. Great potential for sustainable development lies in the renovation of existing office buildings. This paper introduces a new framework for identifying the best set of renovation strategies for existing office buildings. The framework applies selected green building rating system criteria and cost-effective sustainable renovation solutions based on cost-benefit analysis (CBA), and thus provides a novelty in decision-making support for the sustainable renovation of office buildings at an early-stage. The framework covers all necessary steps and activities including data collection, determination of the required level of renovation, selection of the green building rating system, identification of impact categories and criteria, and final evaluation and decision-making using CBA. The framework can be used in conjunction with different systems and according to different regional characteristics. The applicability of the addressing procedure is shown through a case study of a comprehensive renovation of an office building in the city of Maribor.


1927 ◽  
Vol 8 (87) ◽  
pp. 335-346
Author(s):  
Henry Bugeja

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 382
Author(s):  
Haseeb Ahmed ◽  
Karin Alvåsen ◽  
Charlotte Berg ◽  
Helena Hansson ◽  
Jan Hultgren ◽  
...  

The societal demand for good farm animal welfare (FAW) has increased over time. Yet, very little is known about the economic consequences of improvements in FAW in cow–calf operations. This study investigates on-farm economic consequences of improved FAW measures in cow–calf operations. It uses a stochastic partial budgeting approach to examine the relationship between contribution margins and improvements in FAW in terms of increased space allowance for a typical Swedish cow-calf operation, as compared to current practices. In the current practice, a cow should be given at least 5 m2 and the calf 2.2 m2. We found that a 0.5 m2 increase in space allowance per calf (achieved by a corresponding reduction of herd size) was associated with a 6.9 to 18.7% reduction in contribution margins in the short term. Our analysis does not include possible indirect gains like decrease in disease incidence and enhanced non-use or ‘soft’ values associated with increased FAW. However, our analysis indicates that high FAW standards can be costly and careful cost–benefit analysis should be a part of decision-making processes regarding FAW standards. Our results also suggest a need for government support payments and/or the development of market mechanisms to stimulate farmers to continue producing livestock-based foods with high FAW.


Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Jill N. Fernandes ◽  
Paul H. Hemsworth ◽  
Grahame J. Coleman ◽  
Alan J. Tilbrook

It costs money to improve the welfare of farm animals. For people with animals under their care, there are many factors to consider regarding changes in practice to improve welfare, and the optimal course of action is not always obvious. Decision support systems for animal welfare, such as economic cost–benefit analyses, are lacking. This review attempts to provide clarity around the costs and benefits of improving farm animal welfare, thereby enabling the people with animals under their care to make informed decisions. Many of the costs are obvious. For example, training of stockpeople, reconfiguration of pens, and administration of pain relief can improve welfare, and all incur costs. Other costs are less obvious. For instance, there may be substantial risks to market protection, consumer acceptance, and social licence to farm associated with not ensuring good animal welfare. The benefits of improving farm animal welfare are also difficult to evaluate from a purely economic perspective. Although it is widely recognised that animals with poor welfare are unlikely to produce at optimal levels, there may be benefits of improving animal welfare that extend beyond production gains. These include benefits to the animal, positive effects on the workforce, competitive advantage for businesses, mitigation of risk, and positive social consequences. We summarise these considerations into a decision tool that can assist people with farm animals under their care, and we highlight the need for further empirical evidence to improve decision-making in animal welfare.


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