scholarly journals Dikotomi Moral dan Hukum sebagai Problem Epistemologis dalam Konstitusi Modern

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Syafruddin Muhtamar ◽  
Muhammad Ashri

This article discusses dichotomy between moral and legal consideration occuring in the modern constitutions that can be traced back in the thoughts of Thomas Aquinas and Niccolo Machiavelli. The analysis focuses on the epistemological aspects of this dichotomy that are rooted for long in the moral and legal concepts in the modern constitution.Through epistemological analysis, the authors conclude that the epistemic root of the dichotomy lie in the contrasting paradigm between supernatural law and modern positivism. While modern constitutionalism constructs moral concepts that presummes Divine truth, the legal concepts oriented to rational truth. These two concepts should be intergrated without dichotomy through the dictum 'moral exaltation in the primacy of the law' so that the law will be able to answer legal issues in the society.

Author(s):  
Rosabel Roig-Vila ◽  
Gladys Merma-Molina ◽  
Diego Gavilán-Martín

The authors analyze the figure of the Franciscan Francesc Eiximenis, and especially his Regiment de la cosa pública, from a reflection on medieval pedagogy and politics. Likewise, they establish meeting points between the thought, the words and the pedagogy of Eiximenis and those of other authors. So, the chapter draws a chronological-analytical line between him and other relevant figures of the 13th through the 16th centuries, such as Saint Thomas Aquinas, Beatus Ramon Llull, Niccolò Machiavelli, (Saint) Thomas More, Saint Vincent Ferrer, and Joan Lluis Vives.


2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Redaksi Jurnal Filsafat

Jurnal Filsafat Volume 30 No. 1 Februari 2020 ini menghadirkan enam artikel dengan cakupan tema yang cukup beragama dari post-truth, ke isu lingkungan dan hak hewan hingga perdebatan tentang dikotomi moral dan hukum. Edisi ini dibuka dengan refleksi seorang pemikir filsafat nasional Professor Franz Magnis-Suseno SJ mengenai kondisi post-truth. Artikelnya bejudul “Philosophy, A Challenge To Post-Truth, Also In Indonesia” adalah desakan untuk mendorong peran filsafat dalam memerangi distribusi kebohongan dalam fenomena post-truth.  Tulisan Romo Magnis menekankan bahwa adalah tugas filsafat untuk menantang ketidakbenaran yang bersembunyi dibalik selubung kebenaran. Penulis mencontohtan upaya ini dengan menyingkap tabir kebohongan pada tiga hal yang telah diterima secara luas sebagai kebenaran yaitu tentang apa yang terjadi di Indonesia pada tahuan 1965 dan 1966; klaim bahwa Pancasila tidak selaras dengan demokrasi liberal; dan klaim ekstrimisme religius untuk menampilkan kebenaran dari agama. Penulis lebih jauh menekankan ajakan untuk mempertahankan kebebasan berdemokrasi tanpa kompromi. Selanjutnya, tiga penulis dari Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Gadjah Mada; Lailiy Muthmainnah, Rizal Mustansyir, dan Sindung Tjahyadi, mengetengahkan kajian mengenai isu lingkungan. Para penulis mempertanyakan kembali basis argumentasi yang dibangun dalam gagasan pembangunan berkelanjutan dalam konteks pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Para penulis artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa konsep pembangunan berkelanjutan tidak terlepas dari modernitas dengan segala persoalan yang ditimbulkannya. Basis argumentasi sustainable development adalah penciptaan kondisi keseimbangan antara kebutuhan generasi sekarang dan kecukupan kebutuhan generasi yang akan datang. Namun tarik ulur pemaknaan konsep keberlanjutan terjatuh pada konteks ekonomi sehingga kalkulasi cost-benefit ter-reduksi ke dalam kalkulasi cash-value. Akibatnya tujuan keseimbangan lingkungan hidup justru bermetamorfosis menjadi bentuk baru antroposentrisme.  Ni Nyoman Oktaria Asmarani, menghadirkan polemik tentang praktik kurban hewan dalam ritual adat di Bali dalam tulisannya yang berjudul “Kurban Hewan Dalam Upacara Yadnya: Membunuh Atau Memuliakan?” Yadnya adalah salah satu ibadah masyarakat Hindu Bali yang berarti kurban suci untuk dipersembahkan kepada Tuhan, yakni Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa. Dalam prosesnya, umat Hindu Bali biasa menggunakan hewan sebagai sesuatu yang dikurbankan untuk upacara yadnya. Bagi para pegiat animal welfare, penggunaan hewan ini dianggap sebagai sesuatu yang tidak patut karena itu berarti hewan hanya dimaknai sebatas pemenuh bagi keperluan manusia saja. Artikel ini berupaya memahami bagaimana hewan dimuliakan melalui berbagai cara, baik melalui pengorbanan dalam Yadnya, maupun memenuhi hak-haknya.  Artikel ke empat, Rona Utami dari Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Gadjah Mada berfokus padapasien transgender, khususnya transpuan, di Yogyakarta dalam mengakses layanan kesehatanmelalui perspektif etika biomedis Tom L. Beauchamp dan James Childress. Walaupun kelompok transgender tidak mengalami diskriminasiperlakuandalam pelayanan kesehatan tetapi tidak semua anggota transpuan mendapatkan asuransi jaminan sosial yang disediakan oleh pemerintah karena masalah administratif data kependudukan yang belum mengakomodasi pilihan gender mereka. Peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa diskriminasi berawal dari anggapan bahwa penerima manfaat sosial masih terbatas untuk pilihan gender tertentu. Menurut penulis, kondisi ini bertentangan denganprinsip keadilandalam etika biomedis. Artikel kelima berjudul ”Mitos Penciptaan Pada Serat Purwakandha BrantakusumanDan Potensi Kajian Filsafatnya”, ditulis oleh Sartini dan Luwiyanto dari Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Gadjah Mada. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji mitos  penciptaan dalam Serat Purwakandha Brantakusuman (SPB), bagaimana kekhasannya dibandingkan dengan  mitos-mitos di Indonesia dan teori mitos yang ada,  dan menjelaskan  tema-tema filsafati yang dapat dikaji dari mitos tersebut. Kajian mitos tentang asal-usul tetumbuhan merupakan hal baru karena  penelitian yang mengkaji mitos terkait pertanian dan Dewi Sri, pengaruh mitos dalam kehidupan dan aktivitas manusia, bentuk-bentuk ritual dan aktivitas sosial-budaya, serta hubungan antara mitos dan kesenian, lebih banyak terkait dengan asal-usul suatu tempat. Kedua penulis berargumen bahwa mitos  penciptaan tetumbuhan dalam SPB berlatar cerita kematian Dewi Tisnawati yang dibuang ke bumi. Mitos dalam SPB dan mitos-mitos di Indonesia berkontribusi mendukung konsep-konsep mitos yang sudah dijelaskan para pemikir besar.  Akhirnya, Syafruddin Muhtamar dan Muhammad Asri dari Universitas Hasanuddinmenutup volume ini artikel berjudul “Dikotomi Moral Dan Hukum Sebagai Problem Epistemologis Dalam Konstitusi Modern”. Fokus artikel ini adalah dikotomi moral dan hukum dalam konteks konstitusi modern yang mengakar pada pemikiran Thomas Aquinas dan Niccolo Machiavelli. Analisis difokuskan pada aspek epistemologis yang menjadi akar panjang dikotomi antara konsep moral dan hukum dalam konstitusimodern. Kedua penulismenyimpulkan bahwa paradigma hukum adi-kodrati dan positivisme merupakan  akarepistemikdari dikotomi konsep moral dan hukum tersebut. Mengakhiri kata pengantar ini, atas nama redaksi Jurnal Filsafat, kami menghaturkan terima kasih kepada para penulis dan mitra bestari yang telah berkontribusi dalam Volume 30 nomor 1 ini. Kepada para pembaca, kami haturkan selamat membaca dan menikmati setiap artikel pada Jurnal Filsafat edisi ini!.


Author(s):  
Gerald M. Mara

Chapter 2 examines how Thomas Aquinas and Niccolo Machiavelli relate war to political order. Both offer different substantive judgments and divergent methodological commitments. Aquinas’s political order is set within a comprehensive natural order that human beings should recognize and respect. Machiavelli’s is constructed by an aggressive praxis that seeks to harness human passions, always unsuccessfully. Philosophically, Aquinas depends on a theological teleology that Machiavelli rejects. If we read these texts comparatively we find that each author identifies dimensions of politics that the other overlooks. Further, their individual political narratives show the limitations of their theoretical frameworks. Comparing Aquinas with Machiavelli helps not only to reveal tensions between political philosophy’s two partners, but also to show why such tensions cannot be addressed by giving either one of these pre-eminence. These readings underscore questions about the relationship between political order and war that are muted in more contemporary analyses.


Moreana ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (Number 207) (1) ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
Ismael del Olmo

This paper deals with unbelief and its relationship with fear and religion in Thomas More's Utopia. It stresses the fact that Epicurean and radical Aristotelian theses challenged Christian notions about immortality, Providence, and divine Judgement. The examples of Niccolò Machiavelli and Pietro Pomponazzi, contemporaries of More, are set to show a heterodox connection between these theses and the notion of fear of eternal punishment. More's account of the Utopian religion, on the contrary, distinguishes between human fear and religious fear. This distinction enables him to highlight the threat to spiritual and civic life posed by those who deny the soul and divine retribution.


Emerging technologies have always played an important role in armed conflict. From the crossbow to cyber capabilities, technology that could be weaponized to create an advantage over an adversary has inevitably found its way into military arsenals for use in armed conflict. The weaponization of emerging technologies, however, raises challenging legal issues with respect to the law of armed conflict. As States continue to develop and exploit new technologies, how will the law of armed conflict address the use of these technologies on the battlefield? Is existing law sufficient to regulate new technologies, such as cyber capabilities, autonomous weapons systems, and artificial intelligence? Have emerging technologies fundamentally altered the way we should understand concepts such as law-of-war precautions and the principle of distinction? How can we ensure compliance and accountability in light of technological advancement? This book explores these critical questions while highlighting the legal challenges—and opportunities—presented by the use of emerging technologies on the battlefield.


Author(s):  
Molly Shaffer Van Houweling

This chapter studies intellectual property (IP). A hallmark of the New Private Law (NPL) is attentiveness to and appreciation of legal concepts and categories, including the traditional categories of the common law. These categories can sometimes usefully be deployed outside of the traditional common law, to characterize, conceptualize, and critique other bodies of law. For scholars interested in IP, for example, common law categories can be used to describe patent, copyright, trademark, and other fields of IP as more or less “property-like” or “tort-like.” Thischapter investigates both the property- and tort-like features of IP to understand the circumstances under which one set of features tends to dominate and why. It surveys several doctrines within the law of copyright that demonstrate how courts move along the property/tort continuum depending on the nature of the copyrighted work at issue—including, in particular, how well the work’s protected contours are defined. This conceptual navigation is familiar, echoing how common law courts have moved along the property/tort continuum to address disputes over distinctive types of tangible resources.


1927 ◽  
Vol 8 (87) ◽  
pp. 335-346
Author(s):  
Henry Bugeja

Legal Theory ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
João Alberto de Oliveira Lima ◽  
Cristine Griffo ◽  
João Paulo A. Almeida ◽  
Giancarlo Guizzardi ◽  
Marcio Iorio Aranha

Abstract At the core of Hohfeld's contribution to legal theory is a conceptual framework for the analysis of the legal positions occupied by agents in intersubjective legal relations. Hohfeld presented a system of eight “fundamental” concepts relying on notions of opposition and correlation. Throughout the years, a number of authors have followed Hohfeld in applying the notion of opposition to analyze legal concepts. Many of these authors have accounted for Hohfeld's theory in direct analogy with the standard deontic hexagon. This paper reviews some of these accounts and extends them employing recent developments from opposition theory. In particular, we are able to extend application of opposition theory to an open conception of the law. We also account for the implications of abandoning the assumption of conflict-freedom and admitting seemingly conflicting legal positions. This enables a fuller analysis of Hohfeld's conceptual analytical framework. We also offer a novel analysis of Hohfeld's power positions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-434
Author(s):  
David R Lawrence ◽  
Sarah Morley

AbstractEmerging biotechnologies and advances in computer science promise the arrival of novel beings possessed of some degree of moral status, even potentially sentient or sapient life. Such a manifestation will constitute an epochal change, and perhaps threaten Homo sapiens’ status as the only being generally considered worthy of personhood and its contingent protections; as well as being the root of any number of social and legal issues. The law as it stands is not likely to be capable of managing or adapting to this challenge. This paper highlights the likely societal ramifications of novel beings and the gaps in the legislation which is likely to be relied upon to respond to these. In so doing, the authors make a case for the development of new regulatory structures to manage the moral issues surrounding this new technological upheaval.


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