scholarly journals Asupan gizi dan status gizi sebagai faktor risiko hipertensi esensial pada lansia di Puskesmas Curup dan Perumnas Kabupaten Rejang Lebong Propinsi Bengkulu

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Agung Riyadi ◽  
P Wiyono ◽  
R Dwi Budiningsari
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
And Control

Background: Hypertension is happened generally at someone who has age more than 40 year. The prevalence of hypertension was tend to increase along with the increasing of amount of the elderly. Changing of nutrition status and unfavorable nutrition intakes like is high fat, sodium and low micronutrients (potassium, calcium, magnesium) have an effect to incidence of essential hypertension. Retreating of biologic accompanying aging process sometimes make the elderly become resistance to get quality of intakes nutrition.Objective: The study was conducted to know relations between nutrition intakes and nutrition status with occurrence on essential hypertension of the elderly in the health center Curup and Perumnas, Rejang Lebong District.Method: The study was observational analytic with case control matched study. Subject of the study was divided into two group i.e. case and control with comparison case and control 1:1 which matched to age and sex. Total subject were 150, taken by simple random method. The cases were essential hypertension patients who had recently diagnosed by doctors. Blood pressure measurements were three times in supine position. Hypertension was defined as average of three times supine systolic/diastolic blood pressures at p >140/ 90 mmHg. Nutrition status was determined by Body Mass Index (BMI). Intake nutrients were collected using Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) in the last 3 months by using food model. χ 2 McNemar were used to bivariate analytic and condition logistic regression to identify risk factors associated with essential hypertension.Result: This study showed that there were 4 variables significantly related with essential hypertension, i.e. intakes of sodium (OR: 3.43; CI 95%:1.09-10.77), potassium (OR: 0.24; CI 95%:0.07-0.84), stress (OR: 3.79; CI 95%:1.18-12.12), and obesity (OR: 4.57; CI 95%:1.49-13.95). The no significant correlation (p>0.05) identified for intakes of fat, calcium, magnesium, coffee consumption, smoking status and family history of essential hypertension.Conclusion: High intake of sodium, stress and obesity were the risk factors on occurrence of essential hypertension. In the other hand, high intake of potassium were reduce the risk on occurrence of essential hypertension (protective factor) in the health center Curup and Perumnas, Rejang Lebong District.

scholarly journals Evaluation of malaria risk factors prevention and control program in Kulon Progo Regency

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 565
Author(s):  
Husni Husni ◽  
Th. B Rahayujati ◽  
S Supargiyono
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Malaria Risk ◽  
District Health ◽  
And Control ◽  
Malaria Risk Factors

Evaluation of malaria risk factors prevention and control program in Kulon Progo RegencyPurposeThe purpose of this research was to evaluate the program of prevention and control of malaria risk factors in Kulon Progo District in 2016 based on system approach.MethodThis research was evaluation program used mixed methods (sequential explanatory design). Data collected from 7 public health center of active focus malaria and district health office. Respondents were program managers and head of public health center, district program managers, head of control and eradication of communicable diseases, and head of district health offices. The instruments used structured questionnaires and in-depth interview guides. Quantitative data analysis was descriptive and qualitative data used Miles and Huberman model.Results Most of the availability of human resources, funds, facilities, materials, and methods already meet implementation needs except entomologists, allocation of funds activities other than IRS, time of the implementation of larval fish deployment. Most of the processes that started from the planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation have gone well except for planning other than IRS, preparation vector control without entomology database, implementation of environmental management, larviciding, and larval fish deployment. Coverage of LLINs, coverage of IRS, control of LLINs efficacy, and test of vector resistance have met the target, except coverage of larviciding and larval fish deployment was not available.ConclusionPrevention and control program of malaria risk factors has implemented but wasn’t based on entomological data. District health offices should recruit entomologist to support vector control activities.

scholarly journals Fatores de risco associados à hipertensão arterial em idosos

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Suzane Albuquerque dos Santos Fukahori ◽  
Camila Gomes de Moura Nascimento ◽  
Simone Lugon da Silva Almeida ◽  
João Victor Batista Cabral
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Functional Disability ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Perception Of Health

<p>A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica é uma condição clínica com múltiplas causas e é definida por níveis elevados e sustentados de pressão arterial, sendo considerada uma das principais doenças crônicas não transmissíveis que acometem a população idosa. Objetivou-se identificar os fatores de risco associados à hipertensão arterial em idosos. O presente trabalho trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, com busca realizada na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, por meio das bases de dados LILACS, BDENF e MEDLINE, associados ao repositório SciELO, entre os anos de 2010 e 2015, com a utilização dos descritores combinados e síntese dos dados por meio de tabulações. Foram evidenciados como fatores de risco à hipertensão arterial nos idosos: a própria senilidade, o sexo feminino, excesso de peso, pior autopercepção de saúde, não adesão ao tratamento, incapacidade funcional, depressão e a inatividade física. Os resultados mostram o papel dos fatores de riscos para o desenvolvimento e complicações da hipertensão, todavia também são sinais para a detecção precoce e para a ampliação das intervenções de medidas de prevenção e controle nas diversas esferas de atendimento em saúde.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Risk factors associated with arterial hypertension in elderly</em></strong></p><pre><strong>Abstract: </strong>Systemic Arterial Hypertension is a clinical condition with multiple causes and is defined by elevated and sustained blood arterial pressure levels, being considered one of the main chronic non transmissible diseases that affect the elderly population. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with hypertension in the elderly. The present article deals with an integrative review, with a search carried out in the Virtual Health Library, through the LILACS, BDENF and MEDLINE databases, associated with the SciELO repository, between 2010 and 2015 years, using the descriptors combined and synthesis of the data by through tabulations. Senility, female gender, overweight, worse self-perception of health, non-adherence to treatment, functional disability, depression and physical inactivity were evidenced as risk factors for hypertension in the elderly. The results show the role of risk factors for the development and complications of hypertension, but they are also signals for the early detection and for the expansion of the interventions of prevention and control measures in the different health care spheres.</pre>

scholarly journals Risk factors for Clostridioides difficile infection and colonization among patients admitted to an intensive care unit in Shanghai, China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingchao Cui ◽  
Danfeng Dong ◽  
Lihua Zhang ◽  
Daosheng Wang ◽  
Cen Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Epidemic Clone ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background: Clostridioides difficile is considered the main pathogen responsible for hospital-acquired infections. This prospective study determined the prevalence, molecular epidemiological characteristics, and risk factors for C. difficile infection (CDI) and C. difficile colonization (CDC) among patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a large-scale tertiary hospital in China, with the aim of providing strategies for efficient CDI and CDC prevention and control. Methods: Stool samples were collected and anaerobically cultured for C. difficile detection. The identified isolates were examined for toxin genes and subjected to multilocus sequence typing. Patients were classified into CDI, CDC, and control groups, and their medical records were analyzed to determine the risk factors for CDI and CDC. Results: Of the 800 patients included in the study, 33 (4.12%) and 25 (3.12%) were identified to have CDI and CDC, respectively. Associations with CDI were found for fever (OR=13.993), metabolic disorder (OR=7.972), and treatment with fluoroquinolone (OR=42.696) or combined antibiotics (OR=2.856). CDC patients were characterized by prolonged hospital stay (OR=1.137), increased number of comorbidities (OR=36.509), respiratory diseases (OR=0.043), and treatment with vancomycin (OR=18.168). Notably, treatment with metronidazole was found to be a protective factor in both groups (CDI: OR=0.042; CDC: OR=0.013). Eighteen sequence types (STs) were identified. In the CDI group, the isolated strains were predominantly toxin A and toxin B positive (A+B+) and the epidemic clone was genotype ST2. In the CDC group, the dominant strains were A+B+ and the epidemic clone was ST81. Conclusions: The prevalences of CDC and CDI in our ICU were relatively high, suggesting the importance of routine screening for acquisition of C. difficile . Future prevention and treatment strategies for CDC and CDI should consider hospital stay, enteral nutrition, underlying comorbidities, and use of combined antibiotics. Moreover, metronidazole may be a protective factor for both CDI and CDC, and could be used empirically.

scholarly journals Increased awareness, inadequate treatment, and poor control of cardiovascular risk factors in American young adults: 2005–2016

2020 ◽  
pp. 204748732090519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajat Kalra ◽  
Vibhu Parcha ◽  
Nirav Patel ◽  
Anirudh Bhargava ◽  
Katherine S Booker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Income Insurance ◽  
Hypertension Awareness ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Control

Introduction There are little contemporary data about cardiovascular risk factors among young adults. We defined trends in diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia in American adults aged 18–44 years. Methods The National Health and Nutrition Examination Study serial cross-sectional surveys were used to define three time periods: 2005–2008, 2009–2012, and 2013–2016. Age-adjusted weighted trends of prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of DM, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia were calculated by linear regression modelling in the overall sample, males, and females. Trends were calculated after adjustment for age, race, body mass index, smoking status, education attainment, income, insurance status, and number of healthcare visits. Results From 2005–2008 to 2013–2016, 15,171 participants were identified. DM prevalence was stable ∼3%, hypertension prevalence was stable ∼11.0%, and hypercholesterolemia prevalence declined from 11.5% to 9.0% (ptrend = 0.02). DM awareness stayed stable between 61.1 and 74.1%, hypertension awareness increased from 68.7 to 77.7% (ptrend = 0.05), and hypercholesterolemia awareness was stable between 46.8 and 54.1%. DM and hypertension treatment improved markedly (ptrend < 0.001 and 0.05, respectively) but the hypercholesterolemia treatment was stable ∼30%. DM control improved across survey periods (7.7–17.4%, ptrend = 0.04) but hypertension control (∼50%) and hypercholesterolemia control (∼13%) remained stable. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control trends also differed between males and females. Conclusions There is a stable prevalence of DM, high and stable prevalence of hypertension, and declining prevalence of hypercholesterolemia among young Americans. Despite stable or increasing awareness of diabetes and hypertension, there are inadequate treatment and control trends for DM, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia.

scholarly journals Factors That Affect Oral Care Outcomes for Institutionalized Elderly

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Nomura ◽  
Noriko Takei ◽  
Takanori Ishii ◽  
Koji Takada ◽  
Yasuharu Amitani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Nursing Home ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Oral Care ◽  
Care Program ◽  
Surrogate Endpoint ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Care Outcomes ◽  
And Control

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an oral care intervention program on the incidence of pneumonia and fever as a surrogate endpoint. In addition, we tried to determine the oral care risk factors for the incidence of fever. We provided an oral care program for the elderly at one private nursing home in July 2013. The maximum capacity of the nursing home was 60 residents. The body temperatures of all residents were measured twice a day and were summarized as the incidence of fever over a one-month period, which was used as the dependent variable. The residents’ life conditions, number of teeth, and prescribed diet were used as independent variables. The factors that affected the incidence of fever were the number of remaining teeth, a prescribed diet of sliced food, the meal care level, and the oralCandidalevels. These risk factors affected the incidence of fever independently or interactively with oral care. Some risk factors for the incidence of fever were enhanced by the oral care program. It is important to evaluate and control these factors before the implementation of an oral care program.

scholarly journals Risk factors for dementia in a rural area of Northeastern Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 66 (2a) ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Oliveira de Cerqueira Magalhães ◽  
Josecy Maria de Souza Peixoto ◽  
Mônica Hupsel Frank ◽  
Irênio Gomes ◽  
Bernardo Mota Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Evaluation Protocol ◽  
History Of ◽  
Northeastern State ◽  
And Control

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for dementia among the elderly in a rural area of Northeastern Brazil. METHOD: The subjects assessed were all 60 years old or older, and lived in a rural region of Bahia, a Northeastern State of Brazil. CAMDEX, a structured clinical evaluation protocol, was used for diagnosis, and applied at the home of the subjects. RESULTS: The risk factors identified were divided in accordance with socio-demographic characteristics, the presence of co-morbid conditions, and the use of medications. The variables with strong association with dementia were age, history of stroke, arterial hypertension, and sight impairment. CONCLUSION: Advanced age, arterial hypertension, and vascular brain injury were the main risk factors associated with dementia, which suggests that public health measures adopted to prevent and control modifiable risk factors can mitigate the prevalence of high rates of dementia.

scholarly journals Risk factors for Clostridioides difficile infection and colonization among patients admitted to an intensive care unit in Shanghai, China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingchao Cui ◽  
Danfeng Dong ◽  
Lihua Zhang ◽  
Daosheng Wang ◽  
Cen Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Epidemic Clone ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background: Clostridioides difficile is considered the main pathogen responsible for hospital-acquired infections. This prospective study determined the prevalence, molecular epidemiological characteristics, and risk factors for C. difficile infection (CDI) and C. difficile colonization (CDC) among patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a large-scale tertiary hospital in China, with the aim of providing strategies for efficient CDI and CDC prevention and control. Methods: Stool samples were collected and anaerobically cultured for C. difficile detection. The identified isolates were examined for toxin genes and subjected to multilocus sequence typing. Patients were classified into CDI, CDC, and control groups, and their medical records were analyzed to determine the risk factors for CDI and CDC. Results: Of the 800 patients included in the study, 33 (4.12%) and 25 (3.12%) were identified to have CDI and CDC, respectively. Associations with CDI were found for fever (OR=13.993), metabolic disorder (OR=7.972), and treatment with fluoroquinolone (OR=42.696) or combined antibiotics (OR=2.856). CDC patients were characterized by prolonged hospital stay (OR=1.137), increased number of comorbidities (OR=36.509), respiratory diseases (OR=0.043), and treatment with vancomycin (OR=18.168). Notably, treatment with metronidazole was found to be a protective factor in both groups (CDI: OR=0.042; CDC: OR=0.013). Eighteen sequence types (STs) were identified. In the CDI group, the isolated strains were predominantly toxin A and toxin B positive (A+B+) and the epidemic clone was genotype ST2. In the CDC group, the dominant strains were A+B+ and the epidemic clone was ST81. Conclusions: The prevalences of CDC and CDI in our ICU were relatively high, suggesting the importance of routine screening for acquisition of C. difficile . Future prevention and treatment strategies for CDC and CDI should consider hospital stay, enteral nutrition, underlying comorbidities, and use of combined antibiotics. Moreover, metronidazole may be a protective factor for both CDI and CDC, and could be used empirically.

scholarly journals Faktor Risiko Tuberkulosis Paru pada Masyarakat di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Bambu Apus Kota Tangerang Selatan

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-117
Author(s):  
Rony Darmawansyah Alnur ◽  
Rismawati Pangestika
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Bivariate Data ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Tuberculosis Risk

ABSTRACT Pulmonary tuberculosis is a contagious disease that is still a problem in the world of health until now. Pulmonary tuberculosis attacks the lungs caused by Mycrobacterium tuberculosis. Indonesia is included in a country with a high burden of tuberculosis, ranking 4th as a contributor to tuberculosis after India, China and South Africa.This study aims to determine internal risk factors that can cause pulmonary tuberculosis in the Dhuafa population. This type of research is analytical with a case control Study. The sample study was divided into case and control samples totaling 30 people with pulmonary tuberculosis and 30 people non-pulmonary tuberculosis. Univariate data were analyzed descriptively and bivariate data were analyzed by Chi-Square test with a 95% confidence level. The results of this studied showed that the risk factors that was the caused of the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the work area of ​​Bambu Apus Health Center were a household contact with patient pulmonary tuberculosis. (OR: 3.5; 95% CI: 1.112-11,017; p = 0.028) and habit of smoking family at home (OR: 4,333; 95% CI: 1,203-15,605; p = 0,020). The education level and occupancy density were variables that have no relationship with the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the work area of ​​Bambu Apus Health Center. Keywords: Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Risk Factors, Dhuafa

scholarly journals Outcomes of Ischemic Stroke and Associated Factors Among Elderly Patients With Large-Artery Atherosclerosis: A Hospital-Based Follow-Up Study in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianqian Wu ◽  
Jingjing Cui ◽  
Yuanli Xie ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Huifang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Stroke Onset ◽  
Stroke Recurrence ◽  
Large Artery

Large-artery atherosclerotic (LAA) stroke is the most common subtype of ischemic stroke. However, risk factors for long-term outcomes of LAA stroke in the elderly Chinese population have not been well-described. Therefore, we aimed to assess outcomes and risk factors at 3, 12, and 36 months after LAA stroke onset among stroke patients aged 60 years and older. All consecutive LAA patients aged ≥ 60 years were prospectively recruited from Dongying People's Hospital between January 2016 and December 2018. The clinical features and outcome data at 3, 12, and 36 months after stroke were collected. Differences in outcomes and relationship between outcomes and risk factors were assessed. A total of 1,772 patients were included in our study (61.7% male, 38.3% female). The rates of mortality, recurrence, and dependency were 6.6, 12.6, and 12.6%, respectively, at 3 months after stroke onset. The corresponding rate rose rapidly at 36 months (23.2, 78.7, and 79.7%, respectively). We found the positive predictors associated outcomes at 3, 12, and 36 months after stroke onset. The relative risk (RR) with 95% confidential interval (CI) is 1.06 (1.02–1.10, P = 0.006) at 3 months, 1.06 (1.02–1.10, P = 0.003) at12 months, and 1.10 (1.05–1.15, P &lt; 0.001) at 36 months after stroke onset for age; 1.09 (1.01–1.19, P = 0.029) at 12 months for fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level; 4.25 (2.14–8.43, P &lt; 0.001) at 3 months, 4.95 (2.70–9.10, P &lt; 0.001) at 12 months, and 4.82 (2.25–10.32, P &lt; 0.001) at 36 months for moderate stroke; 7.56 (3.42–16.72, P &lt; 0.001) at 3 months, 11.08 (5.26–23.34, P &lt; 0.001) at 12 months, and 14.30 (4.85–42.11, P &lt; 0.001) at 36 months for severe stroke, compared to mild stroke. Hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level was an independent risk factor for mortality at different follow-up times, with the RR (95%) of 1.02 (1.01–1.02, P &lt; 0.001) at 3 months, 1.01 (1.00–1.02, P = 0.002) at 12 months. White blood cell count (WBC) level was associated with both stroke recurrence (RR = 1.09, 95%CI: 1.01–1.18, P = 0.023) and dependency (RR = 1.10, 95%CI: 1.02–1.19, P = 0.018) at 3 months. In contrast, a higher level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) within the normal range was a protective factor for recurrence and dependency at shorter follow-up times, with the RR (95%) of 0.67 (0.51–0.89, P = 0.005) and 0.67 (0.50–0.88, P = 0.005), respectively. These findings suggest that it is necessary to control the risk factors of LAA to reduce the burden of LAA stroke. Especially, this study provides a new challenge to explore the possibility of lowering LDL-C level for improved stroke prognosis.

scholarly journals Risk factors for Clostridioides difficile infection and colonization among patients admitted to an intensive care unit in Shanghai, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingchao Cui ◽  
Danfeng Dong ◽  
Lihua Zhang ◽  
Daosheng Wang ◽  
Cen Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Epidemic Clone ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background Clostridioides difficile is considered the main pathogen responsible for hospital-acquired infections. This prospective study determined the prevalence, molecular epidemiological characteristics, and risk factors for C. difficile infection (CDI) and C. difficile colonization (CDC) among patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a large-scale tertiary hospital in China, with the aim of providing strategies for efficient CDI and CDC prevention and control. Methods Stool samples were collected and anaerobically cultured for C. difficile detection. The identified isolates were examined for toxin genes and subjected to multilocus sequence typing. Patients were classified into CDI, CDC, and control groups, and their medical records were analyzed to determine the risk factors for CDI and CDC. Results Of the 800 patients included in the study, 33 (4.12%) and 25 (3.12%) were identified to have CDI and CDC, respectively. Associations with CDI were found for fever (OR = 13.993), metabolic disorder (OR = 7.972), and treatment with fluoroquinolone (OR = 42.696) or combined antibiotics (OR = 2.856). CDC patients were characterized by prolonged hospital stay (OR = 1.137), increased number of comorbidities (OR = 36.509), respiratory diseases (OR = 0.043), and treatment with vancomycin (OR = 18.168). Notably, treatment with metronidazole was found to be a protective factor in both groups (CDI: OR = 0.042; CDC: OR = 0.013). Eighteen sequence types (STs) were identified. In the CDI group, the isolated strains were predominantly toxin A and toxin B positive (A + B+) and the epidemic clone was genotype ST2. In the CDC group, the dominant strains were A + B+ and the epidemic clone was ST81. Conclusions The prevalences of CDC and CDI in our ICU were relatively high, suggesting the importance of routine screening for acquisition of C. difficile. Future prevention and treatment strategies for CDC and CDI should consider hospital stay, enteral nutrition, underlying comorbidities, and use of combined antibiotics. Moreover, metronidazole may be a protective factor for both CDI and CDC, and could be used empirically.

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