scholarly journals Effect of Torrefaction Temperature, Residence Time and Particle Size on the Properties of Torrefied Food Waste

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruwaida Abdul Rasid ◽  
Thye Mei Chin ◽  
Mazni Ismail ◽  
Nahsya Nur Udzaifah Abdul Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Tubular Reactor ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Cooking Methods ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Inert Environment ◽  
Thermochemical Method ◽  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
Different Characteristics

Municipal solid waste (MSW) in Malaysia mainly consists of food waste. As food waste is of organic compounds, its improper management may cause serious environmental issues, as it may produce greenhouse gases and polluting leachate. Alternative management of the food waste is through its utilization. However, the main issue in the utilization of food waste is its heterogeneity, whereby the diversified cooking methods, as well as food origin, emanates different characteristics. Hence, food waste needs to be pre-treated through the torrefaction process, which is a thermochemical method that converts it to biochar at a temperature between 200–300 °C in an inert environment. The main aim of this work is to evaluate the feasibility of food waste as a potential source of energy through the torrefaction process. The torrefaction of food waste was conducted in a vertical tubular reactor under an inert atmosphere. The results obtained from this study showed that as torrefaction temperature became more severe, the produced torrefied solid is more energy-dense, with apparent higher fixed carbon content and improved heating values. These findings imply that food waste may be able to be utilized as a solid biofuel, with fuel properties comparable to conventional fuels.

Combining Wet Rendering with Torrefaction to Improve the Fuel Characteristics of Biochar from Food Waste

2019 ◽  
Vol 797 ◽  
pp. 309-318
Author(s):  
Ruwaida Abdul Rasid ◽  
Tai Xin Yee ◽  
Rahsya Nur Udzaifa Abdul Rahman ◽  
Mazni Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
High Heating Value

Food waste is a potential source of renewable carbon that can be utilized as a feedstock for biofuel production. Instead of disposing it in the landfills, food waste can be processed through thermochemical process known as torrefaction, which is conducted between 200°C and 300°C under inert atmosphere, to produce energy-dense biochar. Due to high oil content in the food waste, wet rendering process is introduced as a pre-treatment step to remove the oil from food waste. In this study, the potential of food waste as a renewable energy source is studied, where the biochar produced from direct torrefaction (DT) is compared with the biochar produced from torrefaction process that is preceded with wet rendering (WR) process. Food waste was torrefied in the fixed bed reactor at temperatures 220°C, 240°C and 260°C, with various residence times (15 min, 30 min and 45 min). The produced biochars were characterized in terms of its elemental composition, High Heating Value (HHV) and proximate analysis which includes moisture content, fixed carbon, ash content and volatile matter. It was found that the torrefied food waste shows improved physical properties when compared to raw food waste. The moisture content showed significant reduction while the fixed carbon increased with increasing torrefaction and residence time. This effects were further improved with WR, especially HHV which indicates that the WR process followed by torrefaction may be able to further improve the produced biochar.

scholarly journals Upgrading the fuel properties of hydrochar by co-hydrothermal carbonisation of dairy manure and Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi): product characterisation, thermal behaviour, kinetics and thermodynamic properties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Aliyu ◽  
Kazunori Iwabuchi ◽  
Takanori Itoh
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Behaviour ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Japanese Larch ◽  
Larix Kaempferi ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonisation

AbstractThis study investigated co-hydrothermal carbonisation (co-HTC) of dairy manure (DM) and wood shavings from Larix kaempferi, commonly known as the Japanese larch (JL) to enhance the fuel properties of the resulting hydrochar. The JL was mixed with the DM at 25, 50 and 75 wt.% ratios. Co-HTC was conducted at 260 °C for 20 min. The resulting hydrochars were characterised based on the physicochemical properties and the thermal behaviour. Results showed that the hydrochar solid biofuel properties improved as the ratio of JL was increased. The produced hydrochars were in the region of lignite and closed to the region of the coal with increased fixed carbon, carbon contents and lowered H/C and O/C ratios. Hydrochar with ash content of 7.2 ± 0.5% was obtained at 75 wt.% JL. In addition, the HHV of hydrochar increased remarkably to 26.4 ± 0.02 MJ/kg as the mass ratio of the JL was increased. The surface morphology of the hydrochars were altered and became distinct while the specific surface area (SSA) and the total pore volume (TPV) of the hydrochars increased at increasing the mass ratio of the JL. The surface functional groups were also altered by the co-HTC process. A decline in the combustion performance was observed after the HTC process but improved at 75 wt.% JL after the co-HTC process. The kinetic analysis also revealed that the activation energy decreased after the HTC process but increased to a higher value at 50 wt.% JL after the co-HTC process. Therefore, hydrochar production by co-HTC of DM and JL has proved to be an effective and promising solid biofuel source. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Enhance The Awareness Of Food Waste Management Through The Digital World

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 489-497
Author(s):  
Maria Advenita Gita Elmada ◽  
Angga Ariestya ◽  
Citra Indah Lestari ◽  
Theresia Lavietha V. Lolita ◽  
Rani Aryani Widjono
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Goals And Objectives ◽  
The Way

Food waste is one of many environmental issues in Indonesia that need to be solved. One of the solution to the problem is to manage the food waste and turn it to be something useful such as biogas and organic fertilizer. Yayasan Rumah Energi, an Indonesian NGO, is focusing themselves in this matter, they already found the way to manage the food waste, but then, they still need help to spread the awareness to the society. To help the organization, the team then using the digital world, to reach more people in the society. Another reason of using the digital channel is that in the time of pandemic, it is not possible to host an off-air event. The activity starting from analyzing the problem of the communication, setting the goals and objectives, preparing the strategy, coaching the communication personnel, and hosting digital event. Through the digital event, the team has raised awareness and get more people interested in the matter of food waste management

scholarly journals Regulation of the food waste measuring in the EU in the light of the need of counteracting the food wastage

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Sylwia Łaba ◽  
Mikołaj Niedek ◽  
Krystian Szczepański ◽  
Robert Łaba ◽  
Anna Kamińska-Dwórznicka
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Current Data ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Uniform System ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Common ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The paper presents the analysis of the guidelines of the European Union, adopted in May, 2019, on the common methodology and quality requirements for the uniform system of measuring the food waste levels in the EU Member States. The Waste Framework Directive obliges the Member States to monitor the generation of food waste and to take measures to limit their production; however, a lack of uniform, reliable method for measuring the food waste levels in the EU causes that it is difficult to evaluate the scale of the problem, its sources and the related tendencies in time. The food waste is generated across the whole food supply chain; so, it is especially troublesome to determine the level of the discussed waste. The food waste with different characteristics, different source and different reasons for its generation is produced in each stage of the chain. The current data on the food wastes do not specify their quantities. In connection with this fact, a separate legal act was developed, that is, the Commission Delegated Decision (EU) dated 3 May 2019, focusing on the measuring of food waste, which is harmonized with the existing systems of data collection and provides a framework for further measures of the Member States in respect of the quantitative determination of the food waste that is generated.

scholarly journals Food insecurity, food waste, food behaviours and cooking confidence of UK citizens at the start of the COVID-19 lockdown

2021 ◽  
Vol 123 (9) ◽  
pp. 2959-2978
Author(s):  
Beth Armstrong ◽  
Christian Reynolds ◽  
Carla Adriano Martins ◽  
Angelina Frankowska ◽  
Renata Bertazzi Levy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Cooking Methods ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Green Leaves ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Waste Food

PurposeThe current pilot study explored food insecurity, food waste, food related behaviours and cooking confidence of UK consumers following the COVID-19 lockdown.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 473 UK-based consumers (63% female) in March 2020. A cross-sectional online survey measured variables including food insecurity prevalence, self-reported food waste, food management behaviours, confidence and frequency of use of a range of cooking methods, type of food eaten (ultra-processed, semi-finished, unprocessed) and packaging type foods are purchased in.Findings39% of participants have experienced some food insecurity in the last 12 months. Being younger, having a greater BMI and living in a smaller household were associated with food insecurity. Green leaves, carrots, potatoes and sliced bread are the most wasted of purchased foods. Polenta, green leaves and white rice are the most wasted cooked foods. Food secure participants reported wasting a smaller percentage of purchased and cooked foods compared to food insecure participants. Overall, participants were most confident about boiling, microwaving and stir-frying and least confident with using a pressure cooker or sous vide. Food secure participants were more confident with boiling, stir-frying, grilling and roasting than insecure food participants.Practical implicationsThis has implications for post lockdown policy, including food policies and guidance for public-facing communications.Originality/valueWe identified novel differences in self-report food waste behaviours and cooking confidence between the food secure and insecure consumers and observed demographics associated with food insecurity.

scholarly journals An Innovative Solid-State Micro-Anaerobic Digestion Process to Valorize Food Waste: Technical Development Constraints and Consequences on Biological Performances

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axelle Degueurce ◽  
Patrick Dabert ◽  
Victor Argence ◽  
Laurent Blondel ◽  
Anne Le Bihan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Tubular Reactor ◽  
Microbial Community Analysis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Micro Scale

AbstractTo face the increase of waste production and meet the energy demand of urban areas, municipal waste management systems should be rethought. Innovative solutions such as decentralised small-scale anaerobic digestion could be developed. This work presents the design, operation and performances of a new micro-scale anaerobic digester (AD) developed to degrade food waste (FW) in urban areas i.e. highly compact and with low water and energy demand. To meet these objectives, the new micro-scale AD is a semi-continuous and two-stage process built vertically to take advantage of the gravity to mix and move the digested matter instead of using mechanical devices. The first stage consists in a tubular reactor fed weekly with FW and periodically watered with leachate from the second stage reactor located below the tubular reactor. Results show that AD performances were highly correlated to the efficiency of hydric transfer between the tubular reactor and the leachate tank. Indeed, pH, volatile fatty acids and microbial community analysis showed that the hydrolysis occurred in the tubular reactor, while the methanogenesis step occurred in the leachate tank. Overall, the average methane production was 143 ± 87 NL/kgvs with an average methane content of 44 ± 10% and the operation mode of the process has still to be improved. Graphic Abstract

scholarly journals Love Food, Hate Waste? Ambivalence towards Food Fosters People’s Willingness to Waste Food

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3971
Author(s):  
Benjamin Buttlar ◽  
Lars Löwenstein ◽  
Marie-Sophie Geske ◽  
Heike Ahlmer ◽  
Eva Walther
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Simultaneous Presence ◽  
Attitude Object ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Industrial Societies ◽  
Waste Food ◽  
Domestic Food

Food waste is the origin of major social and environmental issues. In industrial societies, domestic households are the biggest contributors to this problem. But why do people waste food although they buy and value it? Answering this question is mandatory to design effective interventions against food waste. So far, however, many interventions have not been based on theoretical knowledge. Integrating food waste literature and ambivalence research, we propose that domestic food waste can be understood via the concept of ambivalence—the simultaneous presence of positive and negative associations towards the same attitude object. In support of this notion, we demonstrated in three pre-registered experiments that people experienced ambivalence towards non-perishable food products with expired best before dates. The experience of ambivalence was in turn associated with an increased willingness to waste food. However, two informational interventions aiming to prevent people from experiencing ambivalence did not work as intended (Experiment 3). We hope that the outlined conceptualization inspires theory-driven research on why and when people dispose of food and on how to design effective interventions.

scholarly journals Briquettes Produced With a Mixture of Urban Pruning Waste, Glycerin and Cassava Processing Residue

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Silvia Maccari Petricoski ◽  
Armin Feiden ◽  
Adriana Ferla de Oliveira ◽  
Luciene Kazue Tokura ◽  
Jair Antonio Cruz Siqueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Volatile Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Volatile Material ◽  
Lignocellulosic Residues ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Cassava Bagasse ◽  
Solid Biofuel

The briquette is considered a solid biofuel, made from the compaction of lignocellulosic residues used for the generation of energy. This work aimed to study the production of briquettes from mixtures of Urban Pruning Waste (RPU) (pruning of leaves and thin branches of trees), glycerin and cassava bagasse (Manihot esculenta). Samples of RPU, cassava bagasse and glycerol were mixed to yield treatments T1 (100% RPU), T2 (92% RPU and 8% cassava bagasse), T3 (97% RPU and 3% glycerin), T4 (89% RPU, 8% cassava bagasse and 3% Glycerin), T5 (94.5% RPU, 4% cassava bagasse and 1.5% glycerin) and T6 (control). Following this step, physical, chemical and energetic analyses (moisture content, volatile material content, fixed carbon and ash content, superior, inferior and useful calorific value, mechanical resistance, apparent and energetic density) of the briquettes were carried out. Treatment T2 had a lower fixed carbon value and volatile content, as well as higher ash content and mechanical strength. The percentages of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen did not differ statistically between the treatments. The higher, lower and useful heating values were higher in treatment T3. The results showed that treatments T1, T2 and T3 were more efficient, producing briquettes with properties that meet market specifications, besides presenting great energetic potential, being good substitutes for firewood.

scholarly journals Exploring the prospect of marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana as sustainable solid biofuel feedstock

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukarni Sukarni ◽  
Sumarli Sumarli ◽  
Imam Muda Nauri ◽  
Purnami Purnami ◽  
Akhmad Al Mufid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Growth Rate ◽  
Doubling Time ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Isochrysis Galbana ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Marine Microalgae ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Biofuel Feedstock ◽  
Solid Biofuel

Among the renewable biomass fuel alternatives, microalgae are the most important future choices owing to its fast growth rate and great capability for CO2 fixation. There are various species in the world, in which each species has its characteristics. This work presents a prospect of marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana for renewable fuel feedstock regarding its biomass abundance, physicochemical properties, and thermal characteristic. The seawater medium in the Erlenmeyer flask was used for the algal culturing. The biomass abundance, in term of specific growth rate and doubling time, was assessed by calculating the culture medium cells number with a hemocytometer and optical microscope. Harvesting was done by precipitating biomass with caustic soda, subsequently filtering, and washing it with distilled water. The biomass sediment had been sun-dried for three days, and then dried biomass was crushed by using the mortar to be a powder. The proximate analysis was arranged by conducting an experiment in according to the test method of ASTM D 3173-11, ASTM D 3175-11, ASTM D 3172-13 and ASTM D 3174-12 for specifying the content of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash of the sample, respectively. The heating value was estimated by using adiabatic bomb calorimeter. The chemical composition of biomass was determined by Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry. The biomass cellular macromolecular compounds were also evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and compared with its residue. Through eight days observation, it was noticeable that Isochrysis galbana has a specific growth rate of 0.18 d-1 and a doubling time of 3.85 d. The respective moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content were 12.98, 40.10, 7.47, and 39.45 (%, air-dried basis). The energy content algal biomass was 16.22 MJ kg-1. This current investigation encourages that Isochrysis galbana can be viable as one of a future sustainable solid biofuel feedstock.

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