scholarly journals Stepwise Methanolysis of Waste Cooking Oil Using Immobilized Thermomyces lanuginose Lipase within Ultrasonic-assisted Condition

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Nur Sabrina Abdul Manab ◽  
Harumi Veny ◽  
Azianna Gusniah ◽  
Sarina Sulaiman ◽  
Noorhaliza Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Mass Transfer Rate ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted

Biodiesel or fatty acid methyl ester is a fuel derived from vegetable oil and animal fat. In this study, biodiesel is produced from transesterification of waste cooking oil and methanol (methanolysis), using immobilized Thermomyces lanuginose (TLIM) within ultrasonic-assisted conditions. The enzymatic transesterification is used due to environmental concerns and also the high yield of biodiesel. The limitations in the mass transfer rate of the product and longer reaction time have drawn attention to more efficient technology. One of them is ultrasonic-assisted to reduce reaction time and increase the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Various parameters have been examined in this study, such as reaction time, methanol to oil ratio, the effect of temperatures, and temperature dependency of immobilized Thermomyces lanuginose (TLIM). The highest biodiesel yield of 69.3% was obtained after 6 hours of reaction at a temperature of 35°C and using three step-wise addition of methanol to oil ratio 3:1. Our study showed that the TLIM is sensitive to methanol to oil molar ratio above 1:1. Further research on the temperature dependence found that the TLIM activation energy in the reaction is 11.9 kcal/mol, which is within activation energy for an enzymatic reaction.

Identification of Methyl Ester Content from Waste Cooking Oil Using Gas Chromatographic Method

2014 ◽  
Vol 660 ◽  
pp. 297-300
Author(s):  
Nor Hazwani Abdullah ◽  
Sulaiman Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Ionization Detector ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Ester Content ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Acid Methyl

Waste cooking oil has always been an environment problem in food factories and one method of effect disposing this oil without effecting the environment is to convert it to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) using small scale pilot plant. The conversion of waste cooking oil with sodium hydroxide as a catalyst in conversional process at 22kHz speed. The reaction of time, molar ratio, speed, catalyst and amount of catalyst will be effect in FAME quality. The quality of biodiesel define is total ester content using gas chromatography. Gas chromatography analysis is a one of technique for identification and quantitation of compounds in a biodiesel sample. From biodiesel sample can identification of contaminants and fatty acid methyl ester. In this research biodiesel sample were analyses using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector ( Perkin Elmer GC Model Clarus 500) equipped with a DB-5 HT capillary column ( 0.53mm x 5 m) J&W Scientific. The analytic conditions for ester content were as follow by: column temperature used 2100C, temperature flame ionization detector (FID) of 2500C, pressure of 80kPa, flow carrier gas of 1ml/min, temperature injector of 2500C, split flow rate of 50ml/min, time for analysis 20 minute and volume injected of 1 μl. The ester content (C), expresses as a mass fraction in present using formula (EN 14103, 2003a) calculation. Conversion of triglyceride (TG) to FAME using conversional process obtained 96.54 % w.t with methanol to oil molar ratio 6:1, 1%w.t acid sulphuric and 1% w.t sodium hydroxide catalyst.

Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil via Ultrasonic-Assisted Catalytic System

2014 ◽  
Vol 699 ◽  
pp. 552-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norzita Ngadi ◽  
Lai Nyuk Ma ◽  
Hajar Alias ◽  
Anwar Johari ◽  
Roshanida Abd Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Amount ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Oil ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted ◽  
Transesterification Method ◽  
Percentage Conversion

In this study, production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) was carried out via ultrasonic-assisted transesterification method. Calcium oxide (CaO) was used as a catalyst. The effects of methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature and the catalyst amount towards the percentage conversion of oil to biodiesel were investigated. The biodiesel produced was analyzed using GC-FID method. The results obtained showed that 82 % of oil was successfully converted into biodiesel. This indicates that the used oil (WCO) has the potential to be the future source of biodiesel. Catalyst concentration of 3 w/w%, methanol to oil molar ratio of 15:1 and temperature of 65°C are the best condition for the conversion of oil to biodiesel. The result obtained was found out that, methanol to oil molar ratio and catalyst amount has given significant effect on the conversion of oil. However, temperature ranged from (35 to 75) °C apparently, showed no significant effect on percentage conversion of oil.

scholarly journals Response Surface Methodology for Biodiesel Production Using Calcium Methoxide Catalyst Assisted with Tetrahydrofuran as Cosolvent

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nichaonn Chumuang ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Standard Requirement

The present study was performed to optimize a heterogeneous calcium methoxide (Ca(OCH3)2) catalyzed transesterification process assisted with tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a cosolvent for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Response surface methodology (RSM) with a 5-level-4-factor central composite design was applied to investigate the effect of experimental factors on the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion. A quadratic model with an analysis of variance obtained from the RSM is suggested for the prediction of FAME conversion and reveals that 99.43% of the observed variation is explained by the model. The optimum conditions obtained from the RSM were 2.83 wt% of catalyst concentration, 11.6 : 1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 100.14 min of reaction time, and 8.65% v/v of THF in methanol concentration. Under these conditions, the properties of the produced biodiesel satisfied the standard requirement. THF as cosolvent successfully decreased the catalyst concentration, methanol-to-oil molar ratio, and reaction time when compared with biodiesel production without cosolvent. The results are encouraging for the application of Ca(OCH3)2 assisted with THF as a cosolvent for environmentally friendly and sustainable biodiesel production.

Effects of Microwave and Additional Co–Solvents on Two–Stage Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel Conversion

2012 ◽  
Vol 209-211 ◽  
pp. 1136-1141
Author(s):  
Ming Chien Hsiao ◽  
Yung Hung Chang ◽  
Li Wen Chang
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Standard Value

This paper introduced a better solution to accelerating the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil by using suitable acidic and alkaline catalysts in a two-stage catalytic reaction. Next, a co-solvent named tetrahydrofuran (THF), which significantly increased mixing level of the reactants in the mixture of vegetable oil and methanol, was added to form a single phase system. The whole system was then put into a microwave oven to support heat for the transesterification of biodiesel to shorten the reaction time. Reaction conditions of the first stage were methanol to oil molar ratio of 9:1, catalyst amount 1wt%, reaction temperature 60 oC and reaction time 7.5 minutes. In the second stage, for the transesterification, reaction conditions were methanol to oil molar ratio 12:1, catalyst loadings 1 wt%, reaction temperature 60 oC and reaction time 1.5 minutes. Finally, the conversion rate of biodiesel after the nine-minute reaction time was 97.38% which was higher than the EU EN14214 standard value of 96.5%.

scholarly journals Waste cooking oil processing for fatty acid methyl ester and mono glycerides production with magnetite catalyst

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (S1) ◽  
pp. 220-226
Author(s):  
Widayat ◽  
Hadiyanto ◽  
D.A. Putra ◽  
Nursafitri I. ◽  
H. Satriadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Oil Processing ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Acid Methyl

The objective of this research was to produce biodiesel using waste cooking oil and various magnetite catalysts with the esterification-transesterification process. Magnetite catalysts tested were α- Fe2O3, α- Fe2O3/Al2O3, α- Fe2O3/ZSM-5 catalysts. Catalysts were prepared through chemical precipitation and calcination. The esterificationtransesterification process was carried out with the conditions WCO: methanol molar ratio of 15:1, catalyst (1% wt of oil), heated at 65℃ for 3 hrs. The results showed biodiesel production using α- Fe2O3-ZSM-5 catalyst obtained higher %FAME (83.28%), yield (91.915%) and monoglyceride content (16.72%) compared to others due to larger pore volume. Biodiesel produced passed the requirement of Indonesian National Standard (SNI) based on density, acid number and viscosity.

Biodiesel Production through Direct Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil with Alcohol via Ultrasonic Wave

2013 ◽  
Vol 389 ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Yong Feng Kang ◽  
Hua Jin Shi ◽  
Lin Ge Yang ◽  
Jun Xia Kang ◽  
Zi Qi Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Ultrasonic Power ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Ester Exchange Reaction

Biodiesel is prepared from waste cooking oil and methanol. The ester exchange reaction is conducted under ultrasonic conditions with alkali as the catalysts. Five factors influencing on the transesterification reaction of biodiesel production are discussed in this study, including the reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst amount, methanol to oil molar ratio, ultrasonic power. A series of laboratory experiments were carried out to test the conversion of biodiesel under various conditions. The process of biodiesel production was optimized by application of orthogonal test obtain the optimum conditions for biodiesel synthesis. The results showed that the optimum reaction conditions were:molar ratio of oil to methanol 8:1,catalysts 1.2g KOH/100g oil,reaction temperature 70°C, reaction time 50 min,Ultrasonic power 400W. The conversion may up to 96.48%.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZING REACTION CONDITIONS OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COOKING OIL USING GREEN SOLID CATALYST

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
I Nengah Simpen ◽  
I Made Sutha Negara ◽  
Sofyan Dwi Jayanto
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
One Step

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in two steps reaction of esterification and transesterification is low efficient, due to twice methanol consumption and need more reaction time. Optimizing reaction conditions of CaO as a matrix of solid catalyst prepared from crab shell (green CaO) and modified by K2O/TiO2 for converting waste cooking oil to biodiesel have been carried out. Catalytic process of waste cooking oil to biodiesel took place in one step reaction of esterification and transesterification. The research result showed that optimum conditions in its one step reaction such as methanol to oil molar ratio was 9:1, amount of CaO/K2O-TiO2 catalyst to oil was 5% and reaction time of 60 minutes with biodiesel yield was 88.24%. Physical and chemical properties of biodiesel which produced from one step reaction of esterification and transesterification of waste cooking oil were suitable with Indonesian National Standard (SNI-04-7182-2006) namely density at 40oC of 850 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity at 40oC of 3.32 cSt, water content of 0.046%, iodine number of 59.25 g I2/100g and acid value of 0.29 mg KOH/g. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of biodiesel formed fatty acid methyl esters from conversion of waste cooking oil.

scholarly journals Technical Feasibility of Biodiesel Production From Waste Cooking Oil: Comparison Between Electric Heating and Microwave Heating Process

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjing Li ◽  
Guangming Li ◽  
Fan Wang ◽  
Haochen Zhu ◽  
Wenzhi He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Electric Heating ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
High Heat Transfer ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Base-catalyzed transesterification and conversion of waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel is a renewable energy production technology with a wide range of applications. The most commonly used heating method is electric heating (EH). Microwave heating (MW) has the characteristics of high heat transfer efficiency and short preheating time, and has recently received attention in this field.This study compared effects of the alkali-catalyzed transesterification reaction of WCO under EH and MW processes. The maximum biodiesel yield of EH process appeared when the reaction temperature is 60 °C, the reaction time is 30 min, the molar ratio of alcohol to oil is 6:1, and the catalyst concentration is 1.0%, up to 93.4%. The maximum biodiesel yield obtained from MW technique is 80.66%, under the condition of 200W, 5min, 1wt. % KOH and the methanol/oil molar ratio of 9:1. The activation energy for CH and MW process are found to be 6 768 J·mol-1 and 503.4 J·mol-1, respectively. Microwave heating greatly reduced the activation energy of the reaction, as well as transesterification yield. Compared with other biodiesel producing process, EH process in this study has the advantages of high speed and low production cost, while biodiesel yield is slightly insufficient. This is likely due to the small amount of un-removed moisture contained in the WCO.

scholarly journals Green Heterogeneous Base Catalyst from Ripe-Unripe Plantain Peels for the Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olayomi Abiodun Falowo ◽  
Babatunde Oladipo ◽  
Abiola Ezekiel Taiwo ◽  
Tomiwa Ayomiposi Olaiya ◽  
Oluwaseun Oyekola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Base Catalyst ◽  
Catalyst Amount ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Heterogeneous Base Catalyst ◽  
Heterogeneous Base

Abstract Economical feedstocks such as agricultural wastes, food wastes, and waste cooking oil were used for biodiesel production to expand their application. Thus, a solid base catalyst was synthesized from a mixture of ripe and unripe plantain peels at a calcination temperature of 500 oC for 4 h. The catalyst was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The waste cooking oil (WCO) used in this study was first pretreated with 3% (v/v) of H2SO4 via esterification reaction due to its high acid value. The esterified WCO was converted to biodiesel via transesterification reaction, and the process was then modeled and optimized using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design method considering reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst amount, and methanol/WCO molar ratio as the input variables. Based on the results, the synthesized catalyst predominantly contained potassium phases with 45.16 wt.%. The morphology of the catalyst revealed a crystalline mesoporous nanocomposite. At the end of WCO esterification, the acidity of the oil decreased from 5 to 1 mg KOH/g. The optimal conditions established for the transesterification process were catalyst amount of 0.5 wt.%, methanol/WCO molar ratio of 6:1, reaction temperature of 45 oC, and reaction time of 45 min with a corresponding biodiesel yield of 97.96 wt.%. The quality of the biodiesel produced satisfied the specifications (ASTM D6751 and EN 14241) recommended for biodiesel fuels. Hence, a blend of ripe and unripe plantain peels could serve as an efficient heterogeneous base catalyst in producing biodiesel from WCO.

Ultrasonic-assisted biodiesel production from waste cooking oil over novel sulfonic functionalized carbon spheres derived from cyclodextrin via one-step: a way to produce biodiesel at short reaction time

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (68) ◽  
pp. 55252-55261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panya Maneechakr ◽  
Jittima Samerjit ◽  
Surachai Karnjanakom
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Carbon Spheres ◽  
Short Reaction Time ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted ◽  
One Step

A novel sulfonated carbon derived from cyclodextrin showed high catalytic activity for the ultrasonic-assisted transesterification of waste cooking oil.

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