scholarly journals Water Treatment by Coagulation-Flocculation Using Ferric Sulphate as Coagulant

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hary Sulistyo ◽  
Wahyudi Budi Sediawan ◽  
Sarto Sarto ◽  
Yusuf Yusuf ◽  
Ronald Nainggolan
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Ferric Sulfate ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Uv Visible ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency ◽  
Magnetic Mixer

Coagulation and flocculation are two essential processes in water treatment. Their improvement on effectiveness and efficiency will give a significant influence for the overall process. The coagulation and flocculation processes involve a coagulant subsequently used to form flocks that can sink precipitate easily. In this research, the sample taken from Sermo Reservoir located in Kulon Progo Regency. The water was containing 320 ppm of colloid and suspended solids. Here, using a magnetic mixer stirrer, 500ml of raw water was mixed with a certain dosage of ferric sulfate in that used as the coagulant at a certain pH in a beaker glass through a high-speed mixing (240 rpm) for five minutes and low-speed mixing (60 ppm) for 10 minutes, respectively. Subsequently, the absorption was measured using UV/Visible. The result then shows 100 ppm for the optimum dosage of ferric sulfate and 9 for the optimum pH. The results indicate that a higher precipitation constant (kd) has resulted in a higher flock diameter. The correlation between the precipitation constant (kd) and the Reynolds number can be expressed as the following equation, kd = 51.98 Re0.3735 with an average relative error of 9.8%.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF THE DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PROCESS OF A SUGAR PLANT STATION IN COTE DIVOIRE

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 512-524
Author(s):  
Konan Lopez Kouame ◽  
◽  
Nogbou Emmanuel Assidjo ◽  
Andre Kone Ariban ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Treatment Process ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation

This article presents an optimization of the drinking water treatment process at the SUCRIVOIRE treatment station. The objective is to optimize the coagulation and flocculation process (fundamental process of the treatment of said plant)by determining the optimal dosages of the products injected and then proposes a program for calculating the optimal dose of coagulant in order to automatically determine the optimal dose of the latter according to the raw water quality. This contribution has the advantage of saving the user from any calculations the latter simply enters the characteristics of the raw effluent using the physical interface of the program in order to obtain the optimum corresponding coagulant concentration. For the determination of the optimal coagulant doses, we performed Jar-Test flocculation tests in the laboratory over a period of three months. The results made it possible to set up a polynomial regression model of the optimal dose of alumina sulfate as a function of the raw water parameters. A program for calculating the optimal dose of coagulant was carried out on Visual Basic. The optimal doses of coagulant obtained vary from 25, 35, 40 and 45 mg/l depending on the characteristics of the raw effluent. The model obtained is: . Finally, verification tests were carried out using this model on the process. The results obtained meet the WHO drinkability standards for all parameters for a settling time of two hours.

scholarly journals UJI COBA PROSES KOAGULASI-FLOKULASI AIR BAKU UNTUK PDAM DANAU TELOKO DAN TELUK GELAM DI KAYU AGUNG KABUPATEN OKI PROPINSI SUMATERA SELATAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Petrus Nugro Rahardjo
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Synthetic Polymer ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Aluminum Sulphate ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Trial Test

Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM) of County Ogan Komering Ilir has two problematic water treatment units. The first is located in Danau Teloko and the other is in the Teluk Gelam. The main problem is that many organic pollutants (namely peat water) contained in raw water. Therefore, PDAM can not be optimal to supply all the needs of drinking water for the community. PDAM have tried to treat the raw water of peat with the process of flocculation and coagulation, but the results did not meet quality standards as drinking water. This research is a trial test to obtain the optimum condition for flocculation and coagulation processes in water treatment. The results were very succesful and get the optimum pH is about 7.5 and a chemical dose of 80 ppm Aluminum Sulphate as the coagulant. Turbidity of water produced is 4 NTU and visually looks very clean. Better to add a synthetic polymer (PAC) as an additive to the process of flocculation and coagulation. Based on calculations, PDAM Danau Teloko will require the amount of coagulant (Aluminum Sulphate) 138.24 kg per day to produce 40 liters of drinking water per second. Keywords : Raw Water, Flocculation, Coagulation,  Water Treatment Plant

scholarly journals Badania możliwości zastosowania materiałów obciążających do wspomagania oczyszczania wód złożowych

Nafta-Gaz ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-263
Author(s):  
Andrzej Janocha ◽  
◽  
Dorota Kluk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Water Treatment Process ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Porosity And Permeability

The article presents the issues related to of the removal of suspensions and sediments from reservoir waters. In the conducted research, particular emphasis was placed on the techniques of using loading materials in the water treatment process. The research materials were four types of reservoir water, which was collected from the separators of wells exploiting natural gas deposits. These waters were characterized by high suspended solids (76–176 mg/dm3) and a varied degree of mineralization. The content of dissolved substances was determined in the range from 401 to 306 428 mg/dm3. The extracted reservoir waters are currently most often utilized by pumping into the absorbing horizons in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs. The preparation of water for injection is limited only to the removal of easily settling solid particles and suspensions present in the extracted formation waters. The porosity and permeability of the deposit rocks determine the size of solid particles present in the water that can be forced into voids in the porous medium. In the process of water treatment by coagulation and flocculation, carried out in laboratory conditions, Flokor ASW was used as a coagulant, while Stabpol was used as a flocculant. Post-coagulation sludge is highly hydrated, so that its density is close to that of water, as a result of which sedimentation of sludge particles takes a long time. In order to increase the sedimentation rate of particles contained in the treated waters, ballasting materials, which were quartz sand and bentonites: powdery bentonite and bentonite preparation DuoBent 1, were successively introduced into the solutions. The effectiveness of the water treatment process was assessed by comparing the degree of turbidity of the solution above the sediment before and after adding a different amount of coagulant, flocculant and sediment-balancing materials. The turbidity measurement of the tested solutions allows to estimate the content of suspensions and colloids in them. Laboratory tests were carried out on the possibility of using selected materials ballasting suspensions in the process of reservoir water treatment. Effective doses of ballast materials recommended for use in the separation of suspensions from formation waters were determined. Research results presented in this paper show that the removal of suspended solids from formation waters can be carried out with the use of a properly prepared bentonite agent (DuoBent 1) with no need of adding other chemical compounds. The doses of the DuoBent 1 bentonite preparation, dosed into highly mineralized reservoir waters in order to remove turbidity, are relatively small. Adding bentonite into the treated waters in amounts exceeding 0.2 g/dm3 results in obtaining high clarity of the water intended for injection (turbidity at the level of 0–5 FAU). The results of the research can be implemented for practical use as a simple method of purifying reservoir water prior to injection into the formation.

scholarly journals Predicting turbidity and Aluminum in drinking water treatment plants using Hybrid Network (GA- ANN) and GEP

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruba Alsaeed ◽  
Bassam Alaji ◽  
Mazen Ebrahim
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Hybrid Network ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Drinking Water Purification

Abstract. Turbidity is the most important parameter needed to check the status of drinking water, as it is an integrated parameter because its high values indicate high values of other parameters related to water quality. Coagulation and flocculation are the most essential processes for the removal of turbidity in drinking water treatment plants. Using alum coagulants increases the aluminum residuals in treated water, which have been linked to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.In this paper, a hybrid algorithm (GA-ANN) used to predict the turbidity values in the drinking water purification plant in Al Qusayr was used.The models were constructed using raw water data: turbidity of raw water, pH, conductivity, temperature, and coagulant dose, to predict the turbidity values coming out of the plant.Several models built and fitness detected for each model, the network with the highest fitness was selected, and then a hybrid prediction network was constructed.The selected network was the most able to predict turbidity of the outlet with high accuracy with a correlation coefficient (0. 9940) and a root mean square error of 0.1078.And 4 equations for determining the value of the residual aluminum was obtained using Gene expression method, and the best equation produced results with very good accuracy, in this regard it can be referred to RMSE = 0.02 R = 0.9 for the best model.

Prediction of coagulation and flocculation processes using ANN models and fuzzy regression

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1296-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Zangooei ◽  
Mohammad Delnavaz ◽  
Gholamreza Asadollahfardi
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Fuzzy Regression ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Mlp Neural Network ◽  
Fuzzy Regression Analysis ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Flocculation Process

Coagulation and flocculation are two main processes used to integrate colloidal particles into larger particles and are two main stages of primary water treatment. Coagulation and flocculation processes are only needed when colloidal particles are a significant part of the total suspended solid fraction. Our objective was to predict turbidity of water after the coagulation and flocculation process while other parameters such as types and concentrations of coagulants, pH, and influent turbidity of raw water were known. We used a multilayer perceptron (MLP), a radial basis function (RBF) of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and various kinds of fuzzy regression analysis to predict turbidity after the coagulation and flocculation processes. The coagulant used in the pilot plant, which was located in water treatment plant, was poly aluminum chloride. We used existing data, including the type and concentrations of coagulant, pH and influent turbidity, of the raw water because these types of data were available from the pilot plant for simulation and data was collected by the Tehran water authority. The results indicated that ANNs had more ability in simulating the coagulation and flocculation process and predicting turbidity removal with different experimental data than did the fuzzy regression analysis, and may have the ability to reduce the number of jar tests, which are time-consuming and expensive. The MLP neural network proved to be the best network compared to the RBF neural network and fuzzy regression analysis in this study. The MLP neural network can predict the effluent turbidity of the coagulation and the flocculation process with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.96 and root mean square error of 0.0106.

Characterization of microparticles in raw, treated, and distributed waters by means of elemental and particle size analyses

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 71-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Inoue ◽  
Y. Matsui ◽  
Y. Terada ◽  
K. Baba ◽  
T. Matsushita
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Suspended Particles ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Al Content ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Distribution Process

The elemental composition and particle size distribution of suspended particles in raw water, treated water, and distributed water were determined to understand the behavior of particles during the water treatment-distribution process. The weight of suspended particles collected on a 0.6-µm filter was 1.1 times (raw water), 1.4 times (treated water), and 1.5 times (distributed water) that collected on a 2.7-μ;m filter, suggesting that smaller particles may remain after conventional water treatment. Organic suspended particles were removed less efficiently than inorganic suspended particles. After sand filtration, the Al content in the fixed suspended solids (FSS) markedly increased, indicating that either a small percentage of aluminium floc passed through during sand filtration or dissolved aluminum precipitated after sand filtration. The Mn and Fe concentrations increased after chlorination. The percentages of carbon and nitrogen in the volatile suspended solids (VSS) were roughly the same in the raw, treated, and distributed waters. The carbon/nitrogen/phosphate/VSS ratios indicated that the VSS of the suspended particles consisted of organic matter originating from microorganisms. The major constituents of the FSS in the treated and distributed waters were compounds of Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, and Mn, but these compounds accounted for only 16% or less of the FSS in raw water, indicating the existence of Si compounds. In distribution pipes, the total suspended solids concentration, especially the FSS concentration, was higher than that of water just after treatment. The Fe concentration in distributed water increased, probably due to oxidation and rusting of iron pipes.

Adsorption test of semi-volatile di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in coagulation and flocculation processes with/without bubble in closed jar tester

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Thaveemaitree ◽  
F. Nakajima ◽  
H. Furumai ◽  
S. Kunikane
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Laboratory Environment ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Ethylhexyl Phthalate

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is widely used and abundantly exists in the environment. Due to fresh water contamination, DEHP can enter drinking water treatment and be adsorbed on solid floc generated mostly from coagulation and flocculation processes. This study aimed to quantify the distribution of DEHP in liquid/solids (floating scum, suspended solids and settled sludge) after coagulation and flocculation processes with/without bubble. For this purpose, we developed a closed jar tester to prevent DEHP volatilization and contamination from the laboratory environment. According to DEHP adsorption results, the aluminium coagulant is an important factor for DEHP adsorption and the floating solid contained more DEHP than the settled solid. 60–72% of initial DEHP was found in solid under conditions with aluminium coagulant, whereas 3–5% of initial DEHP was found in solid under the condition without coagulant. When the bubble presented, DEHP concentration in the solids in the top and middle layers increased. The 55 minutes of operation time (coagulant, flocculation and settling processes) was not long enough to achieve the equilibrium of DEHP adsorption especially in the cases with coagulant.

Study on the impact of pre-sedimentation and consequently optimization of alum dose in water treatment process

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal Uddin Ahamad ◽  
Debaraj Bailung Sonowal ◽  
Vivek Kumar ◽  
Neeraj Nikhil ◽  
Nirab Medhi
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Water Treatment Process ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Coagulant Dosage ◽  
Solids Removal ◽  
The Impact

Coagulation and flocculation processes are used to separate the suspended solids portion from water. However, coagulation–flocculation and sedimentation only are not sufficient in modern practices as nowadays every process is being viewed through an economic point of view. The present work aims to study the impact of pre-sedimentation on optimum coagulant dosage of raw water taken from a lake located at Tezpur University. Alum was used with the aim of determining its optimum doses at optimum pH and alkalinity. The influence of seasonal variation of pH and alkalinity on the coagulation dosages was studied and conditions were optimized corresponding to the best removal of turbidity. For raw and settled water the optimum alum dose obtained was 35–40 and 25–30 mg/L, respectively, clearly showing the impact of pre-sedimentation on optimization of alum dose and thereby economizing the water treatment process. Results indicated up to 98.67% removal of turbidity of water sample which had undergone pre-sedimentation process. A correlation has been developed between overall suspended solids removal and overall turbidity removal which can help in quickly estimating overall suspended solids removal using turbidity data.

scholarly journals Turbidity, COD and Total Suspended Solid Removal: Application of Natural Coagulant Cassava Peel Starch

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-221
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Natural Coagulant ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Cassava Peel

Considering techno-financial oblige, cassava peel (CP) that is effectively accessible mechanical waste is concentrated to assess its appropriateness to be chosen as coagulant help for the water treatment framework. The process called coagulation and flocculation is the generation of consumable water from most raw water sources generally incorporates. The most well-known coagulant used in water treatment are aluminium salts, ferric salts and synthetic polymers. These coagulants are frequently costly and can hardly afford the costs of imported chemicals. Considering techno-economic constrain, cassava peel (CP) that is effectively accessible industrial waste is concentrated to assess its appropriateness to be chosen as coagulant aid for water treatment system. This aim for characterize cassava peel and to optimize coagulation and flocculation process using alum, CPS and alum : CPS. There are two types of equipment analysis involve to characterization the cassava peel namely scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDX) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. SEM-EDX micrograph had shown that the surface of the cassava peel samples was secured with smooth and globular in formed of bound a starch granule. The CP samples contain Fe2O 3 and Al2O 3 were analysis by XRF spectrometry indicated that which might contribute to its coagulation ability. The water samples used was collected at the water intake from Sembrong Dam. The raw water sample was characterized before the process of jar test. Jar test experiment was carried out by using alum, cassava peel starch and cassava peel + alum. The laboratory analysis was carried on turbidity, total suspended solid and COD removal. Recommended conditions (initial pH 9, 70 : 30 % of alum : CPS, and 60 min settling time) allowed Cassava peel and alum removed high turbidity, total suspended solid and chemical oxygen demand up to 90.32%, 89.86% and 18.87%, respectively. The effectiveness of cassava peel as coagulant aid was investigated from floc analysis. Besides that, based on the results with using SEM analysis, the images showed that the combination of alum +CPS was more compact and this can make denser because of the bridging of the particles that easy the floc to settle down. This study proved the use of natural coagulant from cassava peel as an alternative coagulant aid to reduce the usage of chemical coagulants.

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