scholarly journals EFFECTS OF INITIAL IMPERFECTION ON THE RIEDEL SHEAR BANDS IN SURFACE GROUND DUE TO STRIKE-SLIP FAULT

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. I_463-I_474
Author(s):  
Toshihiro NODA ◽  
Shotaro YAMADA ◽  
Tomohiro TOYODA ◽  
Akira ASAOKA
Keyword(s):  
Shear Bands ◽  
Initial Imperfection ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Strike Slip Fault ◽  
Riedel Shear

Strike-slip fault in a sandbox: insight of on- and off-fault deformation from analogue modelling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Visage ◽  
Pauline Souloumiac ◽  
Nadaya Cubas ◽  
Bertrand Maillot ◽  
Arthur Delorme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Strike Slip Fault ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Fault Surface ◽  
Riedel Shear ◽  
Fault Deformation

<p>During large strike-slip earthquakes, the displacement at the ground surface, only partially measured, is often under-estimated in comparison with the amount of slip inferred at depth. The resulting concept of shallow slip deficit is challenged by the precise measurements of surface deformation of on- and off-fault deformation by space imaging techniques, showing that a significant amount of deformation might be accommodated through distributed damage in a zone several hundred meters to kilometers wide around the fault. In this study, analogue modeling is used to quantify the distribution of on/off-fault surface deformation along strike-slip faults over the long term and to understand how it relates to the deep structure of the fault.</p><p>To do so, we used a 1.5 m x 1.34 m PVC box, and studied the deformation of a homogeneous sand pack deposited above a straight basal fault, with sand thicknesses varying from 2 to 8 cm. During strike-slip fault experiments, the first structures to appear are the Riedel shears (R-shears) followed by the synthetic shears (S-shears). These structures eventually coalesce to form an anastomosed fault zone, made of a succession of segments separated by geometrical complexities of variable size. Optical imagery is used, at every stage of the strike-slip fault formation, to (1) describe the 3D surface displacement and (2) precisely quantify on/off-fault deformation. </p><p>At the initiation of the fault before the formation of the Riedels, a zone of diffuse deformation is highlighted by a positive divergence of the displacement. This diffuse zone is also characterized by a vertical deformation that forms a bulge.</p><p>When the displacement Ux parallel to the basal fault has a gradient dUx/dy >= 0.1, we consider that it is "on-fault" deformation, and it is "off-fault, when that gradient is between 0.02 and 0.1.</p><p>At the Riedel shear stage, we find 40% of off-fault deformation over a unique Riedel fault and about 60% if deformation is distributed over two Riedels.</p><p>Once the strike-slip fault is formed, the ratio drops between 0 to 5 % of off-fault deformation over a fault segment, but the ratio increases to 20% along geometrical complexities.</p><p>Moreover, we also show that off-fault deformation around the early Riedel structures partly control the long-lived segmentation and morphology of the strike-slip fault.</p><p>Experimental results are then compared to observations and measurements of near-field and far-field deformation obtained along the 2013 Mw 7.7 Balochistan earthquake by Vallage et al. (2015) and Gold et al. (2015). Azimuthal displacements measured in a relay zone  (Vallage et al. 2015) are consistent with those observed along our experimental relay zones. Although our experiments were only run with sand, we found a similar distribution of the deformation at the surface. These observations suggest that the distribution of the surface deformation of strike-slip fault earthquakes is inherent to the fault structure, possibly inherited from the Riedel shear stage, and not induced by earthquakes dynamics.</p>

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