Prolonged Grief Disorder and Depression in Widows Due to the Rwandan Genocide

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Schaal ◽  
Thomas Elbert ◽  
Frank Neuner
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Matrix Analysis ◽  
Prolonged Grief Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Grief ◽  
Rwandan Genocide ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Pathological Grief ◽  
Nosological Entity ◽  
Correlational Matrix ◽  
Grief Reactions

Should pathological grief be viewed as a nosological category, separate from other forms of mental diseases? Diagnostic criteria for “Prolonged Grief Disorder” (PGD) have recently been specified by Prigerson and her coworkers. We interviewed a total of 40 widows who had lost their husbands during the Rwandan genocide in 1994. We assessed Major Depression using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) and prolonged grief reactions with the PG-13. In order to examine the distinctiveness of the two syndromes we performed a multitrait correlational matrix analysis using modified versions of Generalized Proximity Functions (GPFs). 12.5% ( n = 5) of the sample fulfilled the criteria for a diagnosis of PGD; 40% ( n = 16) met criteria for Major Depressive Episode. The two syndromes were strongly associated. No discriminant validity was found between the two constructs suggesting that PGD may rather be an appearance of depression than a separate nosological entity.

Portuguese validation of the Prolonged Grief Disorder Questionnaire–Predeath (PG–12): Psychometric properties and correlates

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 544-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Coelho ◽  
Cláudia Silva ◽  
António Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Prolonged Grief Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Grief ◽  
Oncological Patients ◽  
Intensity Of Care ◽  
High Internal Consistency ◽  
And Coping

ABSTRACTObjective:This study aimed to contribute to the validation of the Portuguese version of the Prolonged Grief Disorder Questionnaire–Predeath (PG–12), examining its psychometric properties, including factorial, discriminant, and predictive validity. The prevalence of predeath prolonged grief disorder (PGD) and its psychosocial correlates were also analyzed.Method:The PG–12 was assessed in a sample of family caregivers (FCs) of oncological patients in palliative care. The factorial and discriminant validity of the PG–12 were evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis. The prevalence of predeath PGD was calculated and correlated with sociodemographic characteristics, perception of illness, intensity of care, coping, and caregiver burden. Prospective data were used to assess predictive validity.Results:The sample was composed of 94 FCs, mostly female (78.8%) and daughters (61.3%), with a mean age of 52.02 (SD = 12.87). The PG–12 has been shown to be reliable, to have high internal consistency, to be monofactorial in structure, and to be independent from depression, anxiety, and burden, although predeath grief influences these symptoms. In our sample, 33% met the criteria for predeath PGD. The circumstances and coping mechanisms are also correlated with predeath grief. The PG–12 has also been shown to be predictive of postdeath outcome.Significance of results:The PG–12 can be a useful screening tool for early identification of risk for maladjustment to loss among family caregivers.

Inclusion of the other in the self as a potential risk factor for prolonged grief disorder: A comparison of patients with matched bereaved healthy controls

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Octavia Harrison ◽  
Sabine Windmann ◽  
Rita Rosner ◽  
Regina Steil
Keyword(s):  
Mental Distress ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Diagnostic Category ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Prolonged Grief Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Grief ◽  
Pathological Grief ◽  
The Impact

Pathological grief has received increasing attention in recent years, as about A10% of the bereaved suffer from one kind it. Pathological grief in the form of Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is a relatively new diagnostic category which has been introduced into the ICD-11 beta version in 2018. To date, various risk and protective factors, as well as treatment options for pathological grief, have been proposed. Nevertheless, empirical evidence in that area is still scarce. Our aim was to identify the impact interpersonal closeness with the deceased has on bereavement outcome.Interpersonal closeness with the deceased in 54 participants (27 patients suffering from PGD and 27 bereaved healthy controls) was assessed as the overlap of pictured identities via the Inclusion of the Other in the Self Scale (IOS-scale). In addition to that, data on PGD symptomatology, general mental distress, and depression were collected.Patients suffering from PGD reported higher inclusion of the deceased in the self. By contrast, they reported feeling less close towards another living close person. Results of the IOS-scale were associated with PGD-severity, general mental distress, and depression. Inclusion of the deceased in the self is a significant statistical predictor for PGD-caseness.

scholarly journals Associations Between Prolonged Grief Disorder, Depression, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Anxiety in Rwandan Genocide Survivors

Death Studies ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Schaal ◽  
Jean-Pierre Dusingizemungu ◽  
Nadja Jacob ◽  
Frank Neuner ◽  
Thomas Elbert
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Grief Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Grief ◽  
Rwandan Genocide

Defining Normal: What Widowed Parents Make of Diagnosing Grief

2020 ◽  
pp. 105413732096626
Author(s):  
Helle Holmgren
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
International Classification ◽  
Prolonged Grief Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Grief ◽  
Time Criterion ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Grief Reactions

Following a lengthy debate about the possibilities of distinguishing abnormal from normal grief reactions, a diagnosis of prolonged grief disorder has been included in the newest edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD; WHO, 2018 ). In this online survey, spousally bereaved individuals (N = 86) with children in the home were asked about what they made of the grief diagnosis. The results varied from individuals being decidedly against diagnosing grief to others embracing a diagnosis as a means to a recognition of bereavement and grief—and possible access to help and support. The time criterion in the ICD diagnosis of PGD, however, met widespread criticism. While the diagnosis of PGD has already been included in the ICD, it remains to be seen whether it will lead to more understanding of bereaved individuals and an improved provision of help and support for adults and children in the future.

Prolonged Grief Disorder

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.H. Jordan ◽  
B.T. Litz
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Grief Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Grief

Risk Factors of Prolonged Grief Disorder: A Conceptual Framework

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgenia Milman ◽  
Christopher J. Mackinnon ◽  
Martin Drapeau
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Prolonged Grief Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Grief

scholarly journals Long-term prevalence and predictors of prolonged grief disorder amongst bereaved cancer caregivers: A cohort study

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel D. Zordan ◽  
Melanie L. Bell ◽  
Melanie Price ◽  
Cheryl Remedios ◽  
Elizabeth Lobb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Palliative Care ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Anticipatory Grief ◽  
Prolonged Grief Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Grief ◽  
Cancer Caregivers

AbstractContextThe short-term impact of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) following bereavement is well documented. The longer term sequelae of PGD however are poorly understood, possibly unrecognized, and may be incorrectly attributed to other mental health disorders and hence undertreated.ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to prospectively evaluate the prevalence of PGD three years post bereavement and to examine the predictors of long-term PGD in a population-based cohort of bereaved cancer caregivers.MethodsA cohort of primary family caregivers of patients admitted to one of three palliative care services in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study (n= 301). Sociodemographic, mental health, and bereavement-related data were collected from the caregiver upon the patient's admission to palliative care (T1). Further data addressing circumstances around the death and psychological health were collected at six (T2,n= 167), 13 (T3,n= 143), and 37 months (T4,n= 85) after bereavement.ResultsAt T4, 5% and 14% of bereaved caregivers met criteria for PGD and subthreshold PGD, respectively. Applying the total PGD score at T4, linear regression analysis found preloss anticipatory grief measured at T1 and self-reported coping measured at T2 were highly statistically significant predictors (bothp< 0.0001) of PGD in the longer term.ConclusionFor almost 20% of caregivers, the symptoms of PGD appear to persist at least three years post bereavement. These findings support the importance of screening caregivers upon the patient's admission to palliative care and at six months after bereavement to ascertain their current mental health. Ideally, caregivers at risk of developing PGD can be identified and treated before PGD becomes entrenched.

scholarly journals Prolonged Grief Disorder and Depression in a German Community Sample

Death Studies ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 476-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Schaal ◽  
Anne Richter ◽  
Thomas Elbert
Keyword(s):  
Community Sample ◽  
Prolonged Grief Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Grief
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