scholarly journals Evaluación del efecto acaricida de Momordica charantia, Megaskepasma erythrochlamys y Gliricidia sepium sobre Rhipicephalus microplus

2019 ◽  
pp. 1951
Author(s):  
Dumar Jaramillo Hernández ◽  
Angélica González Reina ◽  
Natalia Pedraza Castillo ◽  
Jorge Iván Sierra Acevedo ◽  
Gina Lorena García Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Rhipicephalus Microplus ◽  
Momordica Charantia ◽  
Los Grupos

Objetivo. Se evaluó la actividad acaricida de Momordica charantia (Mc), Megaskepasma erythrochlamys (Me) y Gliricidia sepium (Gs) sobre Rhipicephalus microplus (Rm). Materiales y métodos. Se realizó la marcha fitoquímica preliminar de hojas del extracto metanólico de Mc (EMc), del extracto etanólico de Me (EMe) y del extracto acetónico de Gs (EGs) a través de la técnica de colorimetría y cromatografía en capa delgada (CCD).  La actividad acaricida se realizó a través de pruebas in-vitro utilizando la prueba de inmersión de larvas  (LIT) y la prueba de inmersión de adultos (AIT). Para las pruebas in-situ se usaron bovinos en pastoreo infestados naturalmente con garrapatas, utilizando las CL50 obtenidas en las pruebas in-vitro AIT; posteriormente las teleoginas se llevaron  a incubación para evaluar su capacidad reproductiva. Resultados. Se determinó la presencia de varios grupos de metabolitos secundarios de interés acaricida. Se demostró el efecto acaricida de los extractos de las plantas sobre teleoginas; aunque sólo EGs mostró actividad larvicida. Los extractos a 160 mg/mL afectaron el ciclo de vida de Rm inhibiendo la ovoposición en un 46.9%, 66.1% y 84.03% (p<0.05) para EGs, EMc y EMe, respectivamente. Por otro lado, en las pruebas in situ se observó diferencia significativa (p<0.05) entre el tratamiento de EMc y EMe respecto a los grupos controles. Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos son prometedores para fortalecer la posibilidad de vinculación de los extractos de estas plantas dentro de planes integrados de control de garrapatas en sistemas de producción de bovinos.

scholarly journals Comparación de la técnica de digestibilidad in vitro con la in situ de diez forrajes en bovinos rumino-fistulados en el piedemonte llanero del Meta

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 2-24
Author(s):  
Cesar Augusto Navarro Ortiz ◽  
Jhon Camilo Díaz ◽  
María Ligia Roa Vega ◽  
Enid Cuellar Leuro
Keyword(s):  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Tithonia Diversifolia ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Delonix Regia ◽  
Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis ◽  
Bauhinia Variegata ◽  
Para Determinar

El consumo y la digestibilidad son temas de gran interés para los nutricionistas, puesto que en la producción animal se requiere de alimentos con alta aceptación y excelente aprovechamiento, con bajas pérdidas de nutriente por excretas. Atendiendo a lo anterior, esta investigación se realizó en UNILLANOS Villavicencio, consideró como objetivo principal evaluar dos técnicas de digestibilidad (in situ en rumen e in vitro) de 6 leguminosas, 2 gramíneas y 2 arbustivas no leguminosas a las que se les determinó la digestibilidad de la materia seca (MS), fibra detergente neutro (FDN) y nitrógeno total (NT). Se escogieron las leguminosas: Bauhinia variegata, Piptadenia (Anadenanthera) peregrina, Cratylia argentea, Brownea ariza, Gliricidia sepium y Delonix regia; las gramíneas Brachiaria decumbens y Pennisetum purpureum; y las arbustivas no leguminosas Tithonia diversifolia e Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Las muestras fueron recolectadas de las parcelas de forrajes de la Universidad, a una edad de rebrote de 60 días. A los forrajes secos se les realizó un análisis nutricional preliminar, en el cual se determinó MS, NT y FDN. En las pruebas in situ en rumen se utilizó la técnica con bolsas de nylon, en cada una se incubaron 8 gr de materia seca de cada forraje por tres repeticiones en cada hora (6, 12, 24, 48 y 72), en dos novillas criollas cruzadas de 380 kg, fistuladas a nivel del rumen, las cuales estaban en pastoreo continuo con B. decumbens, sal mineralizada y agua a voluntad. Las pruebas in vitro fueron realizadas en el Laboratorio de Nutrición Animal, para ello se incubó 1 gr de muestra con líquido ruminal durante 72 horas a 38°C, y en el residuo obtenido se determinó la MS, FDN y NT. Con la información obtenida se estableció la curva y tasa de degradación de la MS, FDN y NT a las 6, 12, 24, 48 y 72 horas, de cada uno de los 10 forrajes. En las pruebas in situ se realizaron mediciones de pH y nitrógeno amoniacal (N-NH3) a las 0, 6 y 12 horas en el líquido ruminal. El diseño estadístico fue un análisis de varianza para determinar los rangos de desviación entre las dos técnicas. Las variables evaluadas fueron los promedios in situ e in vitro de la degradación ruminal (6, 12, 24, 48 y 72) de la MS, FDN y NT de los 10 forrajes. Los datos se analizaron aplicando la prueba T-Student para comparación entre medias. La diferencia estadística (p<0.05) de los promedios in situ e in vitro de digestibilidad de la MS, fue del 100% en B. variegata, C. argentea, B. ariza, H. rosa-sinensis y G. sepium; 60% en B. decumbens, P. purpureum, T. diversifolia y Piptadenia peregrina; y en D. regia fue del 80%. En la FDN fue del 100% en B. decumbens, T. diversifolia, C. argéntea, Piptadenia peregrina, B. ariza, H. rosa-sinensis y G. sepium; 80% en P. purpureum y B. variegata; y en D. regia fue del 60%. En el NT fue del 100% en C. argéntea, B. ariza y G. sepium; 80% en B. decumbens, P. purpureum, B. variegata, Piptadenia peregrina y D. regia; y en T. diversifolia e H. rosa-sinensis fue del 60%. Además, se encontró en el 63,333% de los casos una mejor tasa de degradación mediante la técnica de digestibilidad in situ. En conclusión, existen diferencias entre las técnicas de digestibilidad in situ e in vitro para estimar la digestibilidad de la MS, FDN y NT en los forrajes estudiados.

scholarly journals Comparación de la digestibilidad de tres especies forrajeras estimada mediante diferentes técnicas

Orinoquia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
César A. Navarro-Ortiz ◽  
María L. Roa-Vega
Keyword(s):  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis ◽  
Para Determinar

Esta investigación se realizó en el municipio de Villavicencio, en la Universidad de los Llanos, cuyo objetivo fue determinar la digestibilidad de tres forrajes para bovinos mediante cuatro técnicas diferentes: una in situ y tres in vitro (inoculación con líquido ruminal, producción de gas, y enzimática) con el fin de validar las técnicas y los equipos que se están usando para estos procedimientos; se evaluaron las especies forrajeras y arbóreas: Pennisetum purpureum (PP), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (HR) y Gliricidia sepium (GS), además se valoró en todas las técnicas, la curva y tasa de degradación de la materia seca (MS), fibra detergente neutro (FDN) y proteína cruda (PC) (0 a 72 horas). Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo de medidas repetidas, bajo el cual se realizó el análisis de varianza para determinar los rangos de desviación entre las técnicas y así establecer la tendencia de los datos; las variables evaluadas fueron las digestibilidades de la MS, FDN y PC de los tres forrajes de las cuatro técnicas; luego de verificar las diferencias entre las varianzas de las digestibilidades, y comprobar el supuesto de esfericidad con el test de Mauchly, se realizó la comparación múltiple con la prueba de Bonferroni. La digestibilidad de la MS, FDN y PC varió entre 39.89-44.22, 54.18-64.26 y 47.54-57.05%; 79.29-84.18, 76.30-86.95 y 72.81-89.03%; 32.52-62.14, 69.12-76.52 y 42.00-66.54% respectivamente en los forrajes PP, HR y GS, en función de la técnica empleada para su estimación. A pesar de encontrar diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre varias de las comparaciones realizadas en las técnicas de digestibilidad, se encontró un alto coeficiente de determinación y alta correlación entre las estimaciones in vitro: inoculación con líquido ruminal, producción de gas y enzimática con respecto a la estimación in situ.

scholarly journals Rumen disappearance of tannins from tropical tannin-rich plants: interplay between degradability, methane production and adherent rumen microbiota

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moufida Rira ◽  
Diego P Morgavi ◽  
Milka Popova ◽  
Gaelle Maxin ◽  
Michel Doreau
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Acacia Nilotica ◽  
Calliandra Calothyrsus ◽  
Musa Spp

Condensed tannins in plants are found free and attached to protein and fibre but it is not known whether these fractions influence degradation and rumen function. The aim of the study was to explore the rumen degradation of tropical tannins-rich plants and elucidate their relationship with the disappearance of condensed tannins fractions. The effects on fermentation parameters and microbial communities colonising plant particles in the rumen was also assessed. We used in situ and in vitro approaches to study four leguminous: leaves from Calliandra calothyrsus, Gliricidia sepium, and Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia nilotica pods and the leaves of two agricultural by-products: Manihot esculenta and Musa spp. Plants were analysed to quantify levels of hydrolysable tannins, free condensed tannins, protein-bound condensed tannins and fibre-bound condensed tannins. Rumen dry matter, nitrogen and fibre (NDF) degradability, rumen disappearance of tannin fractions and microbial colonisation of plants was assessed in situ. The methane-mitigation potential of tannin-rich plants compared to a tropical forage without tannins was assessed in vitro. All plants contained more than 100 g/kg of condensed tannins with a large proportion (32 to 61%) bound to proteins. Calliandra calothyrsus had the highest concentration of condensed tannins at 361 g/kg, whereas Acacia nilotica was particularly rich in hydrolysable tannins (350 g/kg). Hydrolysable and free condensed tannins from all plants completely disappeared after 24 h incubation in the rumen. Disappearance of protein-bound condensed tannins was more variable with Gliricidia sepium showing the highest proportion (93%), Manihot esculenta and Musa spp. showed intermediate values of disappearance, and no disappearance was observed from Calliandra calothyrsus leaves. In contrast, fibre-bound condensed tannins disappearance averaged ~82% and did not vary between plants. Disappearance of bound fractions of condensed tannins was not associated with degradability of plant fractions. Dry matter and nitrogen degradation were similar for all plants except Calliandra calothyrsus and Musa spp. that showed lower values. Calliandra and Acacia nilotica had also a lower NDF degradation. Methane production was also lower for these plants and for Leucaena leucocephala although for the latter total volatile fatty acids production was not affected and was similar to control. The presence of tannins interfered with the microbial colonisation of plants. Each plant had distinct bacterial and archaeal communities after 3 and 12 h of incubation in the rumen and distinct protozoal communities at 3 h. Adherent communities in tannin-rich plants had a lower relative abundance of fibrolytic microbes, notably Fibrobacter spp. Whereas, archaea diversity was reduced in high tannin-containing Calliandra calothyrsus and Acacia nilotica at 12 h of incubation. Here we show that the total amount of hydrolysable and condensed tannins contained in a plant govern the interaction with rumen microbes affecting degradability and fermentation. The effect of protein- and fibre-bound condensed tannins on degradability is less important.

Correlated Studies of Cellular Interactions Using TEM, Freeze Etching, and SEM

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 320-321
Author(s):  
J. P. Revel
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Movement ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Cell Sheets ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Early Developmental

Movement of individual cells or of cell sheets and complex patterns of folding play a prominent role in the early developmental stages of the embryo. Our understanding of these processes is based on three- dimensional reconstructions laboriously prepared from serial sections, and from autoradiographic and other studies. Many concepts have also evolved from extrapolation of investigations of cell movement carried out in vitro. The scanning electron microscope now allows us to examine some of these events in situ. It is possible to prepare dissections of embryos and even of tissues of adult animals which reveal existing relationships between various structures more readily than used to be possible vithout an SEM.

In vitro and in vivo polysaccharides assembly: ultrastructural and cytochemical study of growing plant cell wall components.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
D. Reis ◽  
B. Vian ◽  
J. C. Roland
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Wall Components

Wall morphogenesis in higher plants is a problem still open to controversy. Until now the possibility of a transmembrane control and the involvement of microtubules were mostly envisaged. Self-assembly processes have been observed in the case of walls of Chlamydomonas and bacteria. Spontaneous gelling interactions between xanthan and galactomannan from Ceratonia have been analyzed very recently. The present work provides indications that some processes of spontaneous aggregation could occur in higher plants during the formation and expansion of cell wall.Observations were performed on hypocotyl of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) for which growth characteristics and wall composition have been previously defined.In situ, the walls of actively growing cells (primary walls) show an ordered three-dimensional organization (fig. 1). The wall is typically polylamellate with multifibrillar layers alternately transverse and longitudinal. Between these layers intermediate strata exist in which the orientation of microfibrils progressively rotates. Thus a progressive change in the morphogenetic activity occurs.

In Situ Localization of PPAR Gamma and Uncoupling Protein in Mouse Embryo Sections Using Digoxigenin-Labeled Riboprobes

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
C. Jennermann ◽  
S. A. Kliewer ◽  
D. C. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Ppar Gamma ◽  
Nuclear Hormone Receptor ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Northern Analysis ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARg) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and has been shown in vitro to regulate genes involved in lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation. By Northern analysis, we and other researchers have shown that expression of this receptor predominates in adipose tissue in adult mice, and appears first in whole-embryo mRNA at 13.5 days postconception. In situ hybridization was used to find out in which developing tissues PPARg is specifically expressed.Digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes were generated using the Genius™ 4 RNA Labeling Kit from Boehringer Mannheim. Full length PPAR gamma, obtained by PCR from mouse liver cDNA, was inserted into pBluescript SK and used as template for the transcription reaction. Probes of average size 200 base pairs were made by partial alkaline hydrolysis of the full length transcripts. The in situ hybridization assays were performed as described previously with some modifications. Frozen sections (10 μm thick) of day 18 mouse embryos were cut, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and acetylated with 0.25% acetic anhydride in 1.0M triethanolamine buffer. The sections were incubated for 2 hours at room temperature in pre-hybridization buffer, and were then hybridized with a probe concentration of 200μg per ml at 70° C, overnight in a humidified chamber. Following stringent washes in SSC buffers, the immunological detection steps were performed at room temperature. The alkaline phosphatase labeled, anti-digoxigenin antibody and detection buffers were purchased from Boehringer Mannheim. The sections were treated with a blocking buffer for one hour and incubated with antibody solution at a 1:5000 dilution for 2 hours, both at room temperature. Colored precipitate was formed by exposure to the alkaline phosphatase substrate nitrobluetetrazoliumchloride/ bromo-chloroindlylphosphate.

CONSERVATION OF RARE SPECIES PLANTS AND LICHENS IN SITU WITH PLANNED ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES: BASIC APPROACHES AND IMPLEMENTATION PRINCIPLES

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
A. N. EFREMOV ◽  
N. V. PLIKINA ◽  
T. ABELI
Keyword(s):  
Rare Species ◽  
Technology Implementation ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Main Stage ◽  
Social Risks

Rare species are most vulnerable to man-made impacts, due to their biological characteristics or natural resource management. As a rule, the economic impact is associated with the destruction and damage of individual organisms, the destruction or alienation of habitats. Unfortunately, the conservation of habitat integrity is an important protection strategy, which is not always achievable in the implementation of industrial and infrastructural projects. The aim of the publication is to summarize the experience in the field of protection of rare species in the natural habitat (in situ), to evaluate and analyze the possibility of using existing methods in design and survey activities. In this regard, the main methodological approaches to the protection of rare species in the natural habitat (in situ) during the proposed economic activity were reflected. The algorithm suggested by the authors for implementing the in situ project should include a preparatory stage (initial data collection, preliminary risk assessments, technology development, obtaining permitting documentation), the main stage, the content of which is determined by the selected technology and a long monitoring stage, which makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of the taken measures. Among the main risks of in situ technology implementation, the following can be noted: the limited resources of the population that do not allow for the implementation of the procedure without prior reproduction of individuals in situ (in vitro); limited knowledge of the biology of the species; the possibility of invasion; the possibility of crossing for closely related species that сo-exist in the same habitat; social risks and consequences, target species or population may be important for the local population; financial risks during the recovery of the population. The available experience makes it possible to consider the approach to the conservation of rare species in situ as the best available technology that contributes to reducing negative environmental risks.

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