scholarly journals Factores ambientales asociados con los días no-productivos de cerdas en el trópico mexicano

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Enrique EK MEX ◽  
Erika Abigail Reyes González ◽  
Alejandro Alzina López ◽  
José Candelario Segura Correa
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Residual Error ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Season Interaction ◽  
Mexican Tropics

Objectives. To estimate the lifetime non-productive days (NPD), lifetime proportion of NPD (%NPD) and non-productive days per sow per year (NPD/Y), and to determine the effect of herd and sow level factors on the traits here studied in three pig farms in the Mexican tropics. Materials and methods. Data from 6703 sows from three commercial farms were used. The model that described the traits studied comprise the fixed effects of farm, year and season of first farrowing, age at first parity, reasons of removal of sows, year x season interaction and the residual error. Results. The means for lifetime NPD, %NPD and NPD/Y were 64 days, 12.0% and 39.3 days, respectively. All fixed factors had significant effects (p<0.01) on the characteristics evaluated. Sows having their first parity at an old age and sows culled because of reproductive reasons had the highest lifetime NPD. In addition, sows culled at first parity had lower lifetime NPD and higher %NPD than sows culled in subsequent farrowing. Conclusions. The early culling of sows increased the percentage of non-productive days, which in turn is expected to reduce the profit of farms.

scholarly journals Whom Can I Rely on? The Impact of China's Public Pension Program Expansion on the Expectations for Old-Age Support

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 356-356
Author(s):  
Qian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Adult Children ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Public Pension ◽  
Old Age Support ◽  
Pension Program ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Program Expansion

Abstract Aging is a global trend and China is no exception. Older people in China mostly rely on their adult children for old-age support. This traditional provision pattern of old-age support, however, is challenged by hundreds of millions of internal migrant workers. They relocate from rural to urban regions for better employment and are no longer able to provide old-age support to their older parents in rural areas. The aim of this study was to determine the impacts of China’s public pension program expansion in rural areas on older people’s expectations for old-age support. Utilizing the natural experiment of program expansion, this study identified an instrumental variable as the county adoption of the pension program. In addition, the study analyzed a nationally representative longitudinal dataset CHARLS with fixed effects model. Results from the statistical model showed that given the participation in the pension program, older adults reported more reliance on pension for old-age support financially and less reliance on children. Heterogeneous effects were found for older adults living together with children and older adults living independently. These important findings suggest that the government partially assumes the responsibility for the old-age support of adult children in the traditional sense. The potential benefits of this study provide a policy implication for developing countries to alleviate old-age support problems and enable internal migration for economic development.

scholarly journals The effect of old-age pensions on health care utilization patterns and insurance uptake in Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. e001771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Riumallo-Herl ◽  
Emma Aguila
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
Healthcare Use ◽  
Financial Barriers ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Basic Care ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Old Age Pensions

IntroductionAs old-age pensions continue to expand around the world in response to population ageing, policymakers increasingly wish to understand their impact on healthcare demand. In this paper, we examine the effects of supplemental income to older adults on healthcare use patterns, expenditures and insurance uptake in Yucatan, Mexico.MethodWe use a longitudinal survey for individuals aged 70 or older and an individual fixed-effects difference-in-difference approach to understand the effect of an income supplement on healthcare use patterns, out-of-pocket expenditures and health insurance uptake patterns.ResultsThe implementation of the old-age pension was associated with increased use of healthcare with nuanced effects on the type of care. Old-age pensions increase the use of formal healthcare by 15 percentage points (95% CI 6.1 to 23.9) for those with healthcare use at baseline and by 7.5 percentage points (95% CI 3.7 to 11.3) for those without healthcare use at baseline. We find no evidence of greater out-of-pocket expenditures, likely because old-age pensions were associated with a 4.2 percentage point (95% CI 1.5 to 6.9) increase in use of public health insurance.ConclusionOld-age pensions can shift healthcare demand towards formal services and eliminate financial barriers to basic care. Pension benefits can also increase the uptake of insurance programmes. These results demonstrate how social programmes can complement each other This highlights the potential role of old-age pensions in achieving universal health coverage for individuals at older ages.

Seasonal reproductive performance of crossbred ewes in intensive lamb-production systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 791 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. Fogarty ◽  
J. G. Mulholland
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Seasonal Effect ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Reproduction Traits ◽  
Season Interaction

The lambing performance of 1179 crossbred ewes with 5540 joining records in three seasons (autumn, winter and spring) at two sites (Cowra and Wagga Wagga) was evaluated in three lamb-production systems (spring joining with autumn backup matings at both locations, with accelerated lambing at Cowra or annual autumn joining at Wagga Wagga) over 4 years. Two genotypes of ewes, Border Leicester × Merino (BLM) and Hyfer (Dorset × Merino composite), were used at both sites, with natural matings to Dorset, Suffolk or Hyfer rams. The following five traits were analysed separately at each site to evaluate ewe lambing performance: fertility, litter size, lambs born (per ewe joined), lambs weaned (per ewe joined) and weight of lamb weaned (per ewe joined). The mixed model included fixed effects for season of joining, ewe breed, ram group, ewe prejoining weight (spline) and their interactions, with ewe fitted as a random effect. The autumn (February) joinings had higher ewe fertility, litter size and overall lamb production than did joinings in spring (October and November), with winter (June) being intermediate. At the autumn joinings, the BLM ewes had higher fertility, lambs weaned and weight of lamb weaned than did the Hyfer ewes, although this was reversed at the spring joinings, causing significant season × ewe breed interactions. While litter size was larger in the autumn than in the spring for both breeds there was a much smaller seasonal effect among the Hyfer than BLM ewes. Prejoining ewe weight had a significant effect on all reproduction traits, with generally a curvilinear response with increasing weight. The interactions of weight with season × ewe breed were significant (P < 0.001) for all traits at Cowra and most traits at Wagga Wagga. Ram group was significant (P < 0.05) for most traits, with ewes joined to Hyfer rams having higher fertility than those joined to Suffolk. and with Dorset rams being intermediate. At Wagga Wagga, this was the case for spring joinings, but there was no difference between the ram groups in autumn, causing a significant ram × season interaction (P < 0.001). Ewe repeatability ranged from 0.15 to 0.25 for all traits. Using suitable breeds or genotypes, together with optimising management, could improve out-of-season lamb production.

scholarly journals Social Participation and Depression in Old Age: A Fixed-Effects Analysis in 10 European Countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 182 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Croezen ◽  
Mauricio Avendano ◽  
Alex Burdorf ◽  
Frank J. van Lenthe
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Social Participation ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
European Countries

Choosing between subsidized or unsubsidized private pension schemes: evidence from German panel data

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTIAN PFARR ◽  
UDO SCHNEIDER
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Pension Plans ◽  
Tax Credits ◽  
Private Pension ◽  
Pension Insurance ◽  
Private Pensions ◽  
Bivariate Probit Model

AbstractSince 2002, the German government has been attempting to increase private old-age provisions by introducing incentives such as supplementary subsidies and tax credits. Since then, the so-called ‘Riester pension’ has grown in popularity. Apart from subsidized pension plans, unsubsidized private pension insurances have – already in the past – been a very important instrument among old-age provision schemes. With data of the German SAVE study for the years 2005–2009, we analyze whether the decision for a ‘Riester pension’ is independent of the decision for unsubsidized private pension insurance using methods for simultaneous equations. Our estimates indicate that decisions on ‘Riester’ and private pensions are not independent and the proposed random parameters bivariate probit model results in efficiency gains compared to separate probit estimations. Regarding governmental subsidies, we find positive incentive effects of child subsidies, whereas low income earners are not seen to increase their old-age provisions. Further, there is strong evidence for a ‘crowding-in’ among alternative assets, i.e., that individuals holding various assets make additional investments in ‘Riester pensions’ or private pension insurances. Finally, when subsidies are given, these subsidies are a clearly stronger saving motive than the aim to make provisions for old age, a result confirmed by the additional fixed-effects estimations.

scholarly journals Contact rate and risk factors of classical swine fever disease in commercial and smallholder pig farms, Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 758-763
Author(s):  
Rama Dharmawan ◽  
Bambang Sumiarto ◽  
Hendra Wibawa ◽  
Ira Pramastuti ◽  
Sutiyarmo Sutiyarmo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Contact Rate ◽  
Smallholder Farms ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Pig Farm ◽  
On Farm

Background and Aim: Classical swine fever (CSF) is one of the primary diseases in animals in Indonesia, particularly areas that supply pig meat to the country, such as Karanganyar district, Central Java. The government has tried to prevent and control the disease by vaccination, but it has not yet given effective results. Therefore, another attempt to prevent the recurrence of CSF cases is to apply biosecurity in pig farms by looking for risk factors associated with on-farm and off-farm contact. This study aims to determine the contact rate and investigate the risk factors associated with on-farm and off-farm contact in commercial and smallholder pig farms in Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia, in the context of controlling CSF disease. Materials and Methods: This study used a cross-sectional study design in which the pig farm was designed as the observed epidemiological unit. The contact structure data were conducted by sampling using a two-stage random method. We selected Karanganyar district because it is the center of a pig farm in the Central Java Province and has many CSF cases in several years before. The study was conducted for more or less 1 month from August to September 2019. The contact data were collected from 37 smallholder farms and 27 commercial farms within interviews. Risk factors for contact with pigs were analyzed using logistic regression using the Statistix Program version 8.0.(www.statistix.com). Results: In comparison to smallholder farms, commercial farms had 2.38 and 3.32 times higher contact rate in outside farms and inside farms, respectively. Two factors increased the risk for on-farm contacts including commercials type farm (p=0.0012; odds ratio [OR]=8.32) with contact rate of 1.24 times/day and the time interval of CSF vaccination for 1-3 months (p=0.0013; OR=8.43) with contact rate of 0.98 times/day, and three factors increased the risk for off-farm contacts including the commercial farm type (p=0.012; OR=4.88) with 1.50 contact/day, the time interval of CSF vaccination for 1-3 months (p=0.036; OR=3.83) with 1.30 contact/day, and farmers with experience in pig husbandry <5 years (p=0.075; OR=3.56) with 1.13 contact/day. Conclusion: This study shows that commercial farms and short CSF vaccination intervals increased the risk of either off-farm or on-farm contacts. The contact structure of pig farms in Karanganyar district is similar to that in other areas in Indonesia. Reducing the risk of contacts either outside or inside the pig farms is essential to prevent disease transmission. Enhancing communication and education to pig farmers and surveillance is also necessary to prevent such diseases in pigs.

scholarly journals The Age and Well-Being Paradox Revisited: A Multidimensional Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 459-459
Author(s):  
Thomas Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Young Old ◽  
Age Related Changes

Abstract Much gerontological research has focused on the paradoxical observation that older people, despite their lower objective quality of life, report higher well-being than younger people. High well-being in old age is believed to be caused by adaptation, emotional regulation, and accommodative strategies. We aim to add nuance by examining whether the “paradox” holds across dimensions of well-being; for men and women; in young old and old-old age; and before introducing statistical controls (e.g for health and social factors). Using fixed effects models and 15-years panel data from the Norwegian NorLAG study (n=2,700, age 40+), we explore age-related changes in cognitive, affective, and eudaimonic dimensions of wellbeing. Results indicate a general pattern of stability well into older age, but negative changes in advanced age, cross-sectionally and longitudinally, and for each well-being measure. Declines in well-being are less pronounced and with a later onset for the cognitive compared with the other measures. Results are similar for men and women. Loss of health and partner are the main causes of declining well-being in older age. Findings suggest qualifications to the “well-being paradox”, e.g.: some dimensions of well-being remain more stable than others; across dimensions of well-being change is more negative in old-old than in young-old age; and patterns of increasing well-being in older age are more pronounced after controlling for age-related changes in health and social roles. We argue that the use of controls makes for false impressions of the psychological changes that actually occur when people grow older.

scholarly journals Bodyweight change and cognitive performance in the older population

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249651
Author(s):  
Judith M. Kronschnabl ◽  
Thorsten Kneip ◽  
Luzia M. Weiss ◽  
Michael Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Obesity Paradox ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Confounding Variables

Preservation of cognitive function is one of the major concerns in contemporary ageing societies. At the same time, overweight and obesity, which have been identified as risk factors for poor health development, have been increasing in many countries all over the world. This study examines the relationship between bodyweight change and cognitive decline in old age and it aims to determine whether and how changes in body mass index (BMI) affect the development of cognitive functioning in old age. Using longitudinal data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), covering four waves between 2006 and 2016 with 58,389 participants from 15 countries aged 50+, we estimated asymmetric fixed effects models by gender, adding possible confounding variables such as age, grip strength, health conditions, and physical activity. Additionally, we investigated possible heterogeneity in the BMI-cognition relation. We found a positive association between BMI change and change in cognitive performance, which was dominantly driven by BMI decrease. Weight loss was typically negatively related to cognition, particularly at low levels of BMI and mainly due to health conditions affecting both bodyweight and cognitive performance. Weight gain was, on average, not significantly related to cognitive performance; only respondents with preceding weight loss profited from small increases in BMI. Our analyses provide no support for an “obesity paradox” in cognition, according to which higher weight preserves cognition in old age. The association between weight change and cognitive performance in older age is based on weight changes being related to illness and recovery.

scholarly journals Population Aging and the Demand for Private Health Insurance in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Private Health Insurance ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Dependency Ratio ◽  
Age Dependency ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
Age Dependency Ratio

Abstract This study examines the potential impact of aging on the demand for private health insurance (PHI) in China. Using the provincial data for 2000–2018, we find that a 1-percent increase in each proportion of the elderly population and old-age dependency ratio increases the PHI demand by 4.8 and 5.2%, respectively. A one-percent increase in the child dependency ratio decreases the PHI demand by 1.5%. We employ an instrumental variable approach; the findings support that the proportion of the elderly individuals in the total population, old-age dependency ratio, child dependency ratio, and urban green area significantly affect the PHI demand. The rolling estimate indicates that aging has a significant positive effect on the PHI demand over a rolling window of a fixed sample size. Additionally, by controlling for province and year fixed effects, we find that aging is positively associated with the PHI demand in China.

scholarly journals Quantifying the mortality impact of the 1935 old-age assistance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregori Galofré-Vilà ◽  
Martin McKee ◽  
David Stuckler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Event Study ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
County Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Old Age Assistance

Abstract In 1935, the United States introduced the old-age assistance (OAA) program, a means-tested program to help the elderly poor. The OAA improved retirement conditions and aimed to enable older persons to live independently. We use the transition from early elderly plans to OAA and the large differences in payments and eligibility across states to show that OAA reduced mortality by between 30 and 39 percent among those older than 65 years. This finding, based on an event study design, is robust to a range of specifications, a range of fixed effects, placebo tests, and a border-pair policy discontinuity design using county-level data. The largest mortality reductions came from drops in communicable and infectious diseases, such as influenza and nephritis, and mostly affected white citizens.

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