scholarly journals Robert Spaemann’s Ontology of the Person as a Contribution to Overcoming an Anthropological Crisis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020(41) (4) ◽  
pp. 33-44
Author(s):  
Andrzej Kuciński ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Being ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Main Achievement ◽  
Robert Spaemann

Robert Spaemann (1927–2018) is one of the best-known German philosophers of the present. One of his most important books: Persons contains an ontology of the person that offers a synthesis of metaphysics, anthropology and ethics. The purpose of the article is to present the most important elements of this ontology and to reveal their possible relevance for current ethical problems. Spaemann‘s main achievement is a successful diagnosis of the crisis of the person in the present with the indication of the possibilities of overcoming it through an integral view of the human being.

scholarly journals LA ÉTICA EN LA INVESTIGACIÓN EDUCATIVA

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
Eddy Javier Paz Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
Educational Research ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Fundamental Factor ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Research In Education ◽  
Face Complex ◽  
International Instruments ◽  
Normative Foundations

La ética en la investigación educativa constituye un factor fundamental que debe ser considerado para la realización de estudios que incluyan la participación de diversos sujetos. Los investigadores deben enfrentarse a escenarios complejos y cumplir con una serie de pautas nacionales e internacionales que tienen como propósito respetar los derechos de las personas que se someten al proceso de investigación en el ámbito educativo. Por esta razón, existen los instrumentos internacionales y tienen como elementos primordiales los principios éticos que incluyen consideraciones sobre la persona, para impedir que sea un simple objeto estudiado. Sin embargo, en la actividad indagativa se presentan diferentes problemas éticos que están relacionados con los participantes, el incorrecto uso de la investigación, el investigador, el plagio y la utilización de datos falsos. En relación al acto ético en la investigación educativa, los educadores han de efectuar responsablemente sus estudios sin perjudicar a ningún ser humano. El objetivo de este trabajo de revisión bibliográfica, es describir la importancia de la ética en la investigación educativa.   Palabras clave: ética de la investigación, investigación educativa, principios éticos. ABSTRACT Ethics in educational research is a fundamental factor that should be considered for the realization ofstudies that include the participation of diverse subjects. Researchers must face complex scenarios andcomplete it with a series of national and international guidelines that are intended to respect the rightsof people who undergo the research process specifically in the field of education. For this reason, thereare international instruments and their main elements are ethical principles that include considerationsabout the person, to prevent it from being a simple object studied. However, in the inquiry activity thereare different ethical problems that are related to the participants, the incorrect use of the research, theresearcher, the plagiarism and the use of false data. In relation to the ethical act in educational research,educators must responsibly conduct their studies without harming any human being. The results affirmthat the ethics applied to the research in education provides to the investigators theoretical,methodological and normative foundations on the moral to achieve the development of the inquiringprocess in a coherent way. The objective of this work of bibliographical review is to describe theimportance of the ethics in educational research.

scholarly journals El sesgo de la máquina en la toma de decisiones en el proceso penal.

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-71
Author(s):  
Raquel Borges Blázquez
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Criminal Process ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Intelligent Machines ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Toma De Decisiones ◽  
Legal Thinking ◽  
The One

Artificial intelligence has countless advantages in our lives. On the one hand, computer’s capacity to store and connect data is far superior to human capacity. On the other hand, its “intelligence” also involves deep ethical problems that the law must respond to. I say “intelligence” because nowadays machines are not intelligent. Machines only use the data that a human being has previously offered as true. The truth is relative and the data will have the same biases and prejudices as the human who programs the machine. In other words, machines will be racist, sexist and classist if their programmers are. Furthermore, we are facing a new problem: the difficulty to understand the algorithm of those who apply the law.This situation forces us to rethink the criminal process, including artificial intelligence and spinning very thinly indicating how, when, why and under what assumptions we can make use of artificial intelligence and, above all, who is going to program it. At the end of the day, as Silvia Barona indicates, perhaps the question should be: who is going to control global legal thinking?

scholarly journals Artificial womb technology and the frontiers of human reproduction: conceptual differences and potential implications

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 751-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Chloe Romanis
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Human Reproduction ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
The Face

In 2017, a Philadelphia research team revealed the closest thing to an artificial womb (AW) the world had ever seen. The ‘biobag’, if as successful as early animal testing suggests, will change the face of neonatal intensive care. At present, premature neonates born earlier than 22 weeks have no hope of survival. For some time, there have been no significant improvements in mortality rates or incidences of long-term complications for preterms at the viability threshold. Artificial womb technology (AWT), that might change these odds, is eagerly anticipated for clinical application. We need to understand whether AWT is an extension of current intensive care or something entirely new. This question is central to determining when and how the biobag should be used on human subjects. This paper examines the science behind AWT and advances two principal claims. First, AWT is conceptually different from conventional intensive care. Identifying why AWT should be understood as distinct demonstrates how it raises different ethico-legal questions. Second, these questions should be formulated without the ‘human being growing in the AW’ being described with inherently value laden terminology. The ‘human being in an AW’ is neither a fetus nor a baby, and the ethical tethers associated with these terms could perpetuate misunderstanding and confusion. Thus, the term ‘gestateling’ should be adopted to refer to this new product of human reproduction: a developing human being gestating ex utero. While this paper does not attempt to solve all the ethical problems associated with AWT, it makes important clarifications that will enable better formulation of relevant ethical questions for future exploration.

Personwürde am Lebensbeginn

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hartmut Kreß
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Cell ◽  
Preimplantation Diagnosis ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Modern Natural ◽  
Human Individual ◽  
Natural Scientists ◽  
Germline Engineering ◽  
Individual Human

Abstract Until the 19th and 20th century, philosophers, theologians, and lawmakers were uncertain at exactly which moment an embryo was to be fully considered a human individual. The modern natural scientists have made clear that an embryo is an individual human being as soon as the egg and the sperm cell have fused. Taking this into account the article discusses current problems of dealing with embryos. It focuses on the ethical problems created by pre-implantation diagnosis and human germline engineering. The author believes that under certain conditions it is ethically justifiable to use preimplantation diagnosis with embryos

scholarly journals ETIKA BELAJAR, BERDISKUSI DAN KETIKA DALAM SEBUAH FORUM MENURUT KITAB WASHOYA AL-ABAA LI AL-ABNAA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Mar'atus Sholikhah ◽  
Abdul Muhid
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Important Thing ◽  
Useful Knowledge ◽  
Student Ethics

Man is a social being who needs each other to another creature. Therefore, it is supposed for every human being to keep each other's words and deeds in order not to cause bad things that are unwanted. Then we should always remember to always be ethical in all things, not be able to act. During this time, many people began to underestimate ethical problems. They act according to their own desires regardless of their creed. Ethics is the most important thing for human possession. Especially for students who are taking their time studying. Ethics is something that should really be considered either when studying inside or outside of class, while in discussion and when attending a forum. One of the keys to gaining success and useful science is good ethics. The purpose of this research is to revive especially for learners about the importance of ethics. The method used in this study is the Literature Review. This research is expected to develop and improve student ethics in order to obtain useful knowledge and success.

scholarly journals Is Every Single Human Being a Person? A Dispute Between Robert Spaemann and Peter Singer

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2(2)) ◽  
pp. 37-51
Author(s):  
Jakub Bugajski
Keyword(s):  
John Locke ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Peter Singer ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Shared Set ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Robert Spaemann

One of the central issues of contemporary philosophy concerns the definition of the person. Many philosophers and bioethicists have sought to determine the basis for ascribing personhood, and to resolve the associated question of whether only human beings may be properly granted this status. Two contemporary thinkers have played a leading role in this debate, namely Robert Spaemann and Peter Singer. The former, coming from the tradition of Christian thought, seeks to demonstrate that the personality of a human being begins when he or she is conceived and ends with his or her death. In his opinion, only God, as the source of all life, has a right to exercise authority over human destiny. The opposite position is defended by the Australian philosopher Peter Singer. His philosophical views have emerged from the tradition of empiricist thought initiated by Democritus and expanded on later, above all, by John Locke. Singer postulates a descriptive theoretical account of persons, claiming that personhood results from the possession of a set of qualitative features, namely: to become a person, a human being ought to have certain properties, such as self-awareness, rationality of thought, or the possession of preferences – without these, he would say, one cannot even talk about persons. This paper seeks to confront the tenets of personalist ethics (as in Spaemann) with those of preference-based utilitarianism (Peter Singer), presenting the metaphysical, ontological and cognitive commitments that make up these two positions, but also asking whether there is any shared set of underlying concerns that could furnish a basis for dialogue between them.

scholarly journals Fecondazione artificiale e crioconservazione degli embrioni

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Serebrovska ◽  
M.L. Di Pietro ◽  
A. Bompiani
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Critical Points ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
The World ◽  
Artificial Fertilization

Nel ricorso alle tecniche di fecondazione artificiale extracorporea, la produzione di un numero elevato di embrioni e la crioconservazione dell’“eccedenza” è divenuta oramai una prassi. A prescindere dalle discutibili soluzioni adottate nei confronti degli embrioni “in eccedenza” per i quali non vi è più un progetto parentale, le stesse procedure di crioconservazione possono ridurre in modo drammatico le possibilità di sopravvivenza degli embrioni e rappresentare, quindi, un rischio per la vita dell’essere umano. Questa rassegna desidera esporre quanto si conosce, allo stato attuale, sul “rischio” per l’embrione crioconservato e documentarne l’entità attraverso le valutazioni statistiche offerte dai singoli autori. A tal fine vengono riportate: le principali metodiche; i limiti delle procedure di crioconservazione; la fase di sviluppo in cui la crioconservazione viene eseguita; i criteri utilizzati per valutare la qualità degli embrioni dopo lo scongelamento; i dati sulla sopravvivenza degli embrioni, sulle gravidanze e sulle nascite in alcuni centri di fecondazione artificiale. ---------- Production and cryopreservation of spare embryos has already become a routine in the practice of extra-corporal artificial fertilization techniques. Leaving out of considerations ethical problems of the questionable solutions which were taken regarding the “orphan” surplus embryos, who’s parents have no any more projects for pregnancy, it is necessary to underline that cryopreservation itself may dramatically decrease survival rate of embryos, which means create vital risk for human being. In the present review we attend to determine the eventual risks for embryo undergone cryopreservation examining the recent statistical data, published by different groups of authors. For this purpose we describe principal methods and critical points of cryopreservation, age of embryos in which cryopreservation occurs, criterions of evaluation of the quality of embryos after thawing, survival rate, pregnancy rate and life birth rate after cryopreservation in different centers in the world.

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