Subextraction from Direct Object and Transitive Verbs

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 109-129
Author(s):  
Eunjung You
Keyword(s):  
Direct Object ◽  
Transitive Verbs

Indirect object in Manchu-Tungus languages: structural and semantic aspect (in the Orok language)

2020 ◽  
pp. 243-260
Author(s):  
L. V. Ozolinya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Object ◽  
Accusative Case ◽  
Indirect Object ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Object Composition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time ◽  
Semantic Aspect ◽  
Trivalent Verbs

For the first time, the paper provides the analysis of the Oroc language object as a syntactic unit combining the semantic and functional aspects of transitive or non-transitive verbs. In the Manchu-Tungus languages, the object is found to be expressed in the morphological forms of the case: direct – in the accusative case and the possessive forms of the designative case, indirect – in the forms of oblique cases. Constructions with indirect objects, the positions of which are filled with case forms of nouns, designate the objects on which the action is aimed, objects from which the action is sent or evaded, objects-addresses, objectsinstruments, etc. Both transitive or non-transitive verbs can take the position of the predicate. The necessary (direct object) and permissible (indirect object) composition of objects in the verb is determined by its valences: bivalent verbs open subjective (subject) and objective (direct object) valences; trivalent verbs reveal subjective, subjective-objective (part of the subject or indirect subject) and objective (indirect object) valences.

The Maturation of Grammatical Principles: Evidence from Russian Unaccusatives

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Babyonyshev ◽  
Jennifer Ganger ◽  
David Pesetsky ◽  
Kenneth Wexler
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Chain Formation ◽  
Unaccusative Verbs ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Direct Objects ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Genitive Case

This article tests the hypothesis that young children have a maturational difficulty with A-chain formation that makes them unable to represent unaccusative verbs in an adultlike fashion. We report the results of a test of children's performance on the genitive-of-negation construction in Russian, which, for adults, is an “unaccusativity diagnostic,” since genitive case is allowed to appear on the underlying direct object argument of unaccusatives as well as on direct objects of standard transitive verbs within the scope of negation. We show that although, Russian children know the properties of the construction, they have notable difficulty using it with unaccusative verbs. Since the input evidence for genitive of negation with unaccusative verbs is quite robust, we interpret our results as support for the hypothesis.

scholarly journals On interpretation of resultatives with locative alternation verbs

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 308
Author(s):  
Tsuneko Nakazawa
Keyword(s):  
Direct Object ◽  
Locative Alternation ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Corpus Data

Resultative phrases in Japanese are generally believed to be predicated of the object of transitive verbs just like English counterparts (e.g., I painted the car yellow). However, some exceptions are also known in which resultatives describe an oblique argument (e.g., otoko-wa kabe-ni penki-o akaku nutta ‘the man smeared paint on the wall (so that the wall became) red)'. Using BCCWJ-NT corpus data, this paper shows that resultatives with locative alternation verbs in Japanese are generally interpreted as description of the argument that is lexically specified to undergo a change of state, rather than of the direct object.

scholarly journals On the imperfective and perfective aspect in Estonian and Latvian

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-261
Author(s):  
Ilze Tālberga ◽  
Aive Mandel
Keyword(s):  
Direct Object ◽  
General Context ◽  
Text Corpus ◽  
Perfective Aspect ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Imperfective Aspect ◽  
Transitive Verbs

This article presents a brief overview and comparison of the imperfective and perfective aspect in Estonian and Latvian. The main means of expressing the perfective and imperfective aspect in Estonian are the case opposition of the direct object (the nominative/genitive or the partitive), the use of verb particles, and the general context. In Latvian, the opposition of the perfective and imperfective aspect is mainly expressed by existence or absence of verb prefixes, adverbs, and also the context. In Latvian, verb prefixes, besides perfectivity, may also add or modify the lexical meaning of the verb. We compare how the perfective and imperfective aspect are expressed in both languages in the case of transitive verbs, based on the correspondences found in a text corpus of literary works and their translations.Kokkuvõte. Ilze Tālberga, Aive Mandel: Imperfektiivsest ja perfektiivsest aspektist eesti ja läti keeles. Artiklis uuritakse imperfektiivse ja perfektiivse aspekti vastandust võrdlevalt eesti ja läti keeles. Selleks kasutatavad näited pärinevad eesti ja läti ilukirjandusteostest ning nende vastastikustest tõlgetest. Käesolevas analüüsis on keskendutud transitiivsetele verbidele, mis nõuavad objekti. Edaspidises uurimistöös loodetakse võtta vaatluse alla ka intransitiivsed verbid. Eesti keeles on keskseks perfektiivsuse markeerimise vahendiks objektikääne. Perfektiivsust väljendab totaalobjekt (ainsuse või mitmuse nominatiiv, ainsuse genitiiv). Läti keeles väljendatakse perfektiivsust esmajoones verbiprefiksite abil, mida on kokku 11 ning mis kõik võivad (aga ei pruugi) lisaks perfektiivsusele anda verbile ka mõne muu (ruumilise, kvantitatiivse või kvalitatiivse) lisatähenduse. Kõrvutasime näitematerjali abil esmalt neid olukordi, kus eesti täisobjekti vasteks on läti keelde tõlkimisel prefiksverb, ning vaatlesime sama olukorda ka vastupidisel tõlkesuunal. Ilukirjandusnäidete põhjal tuleb neist näidetest lisaks perfektiivsuse vastavusele hästi välja ka läti prefiksi lisatähendus. Teiseks toimivad eesti keeles perfektiivsuse väljendamise vahendina ka verbipartiklid (nt ära), mis võivad kas aidata totaalobjektis juba kajastuvat perfektiivsust kinnitada või on teatud juhtudel ka obligatoorsed. See mehhanism aitab kompenseerida eesti keeles ajalooliste muutuste tõttu vähem eristuvaks muutunud objektikäänete ebaselgust võrreldes nt soome keelega, kus eesti keelest sagedamini piisab perfektiivsuse väljendamiseks pelgalt objektikäändest. Tõlkekõrvutuste põhjal järeldub, et eesti verbipartiklit saab läti keeles väljendada verbiprefiksiga, milles võib avalduda lisaks perfektiivsusele ka lisatähendus (aiz- – ‘kinni’). Lisatähendus võib ka puududa (iz-mazgāt – ‘ära pesema’), viimasel juhul väljendatakse nii partikli kui ka prefiksiga vaid perfektiivsust. Eesti verbipartiklit võidakse aga läti keeles väljendada ka prefiksverbiga, millele lisandub samatähenduslik adverb. Kuna sellist adverbikasutust ei peeta läti keeles aspekti osaks, sest perfektiivsus väljendub juba prefiksis, siis võib neid tõlgendada ruumilist suunda rõhutavatena. Mõlemal tõlkesuunal on näha, et kui prefiksverb on juba olemas, siis sellele läti keeles lisatud adverb eestikeelset vastet ei mõjuta – eesti keeles esineb siis samasugune vaste, nagu oleks adverbita prefiksverbi puhul, kuna ka prefiksverbis on sama ruumilisus juba esindatud. Mõlemad keeled kasutavad siis sel juhul paralleelselt adverbe.Imperfektiivsust saab eesti keeles väljendada osaobjektiga (partitiiv), mis aga võib sõltuvalt kontekstist kanda ka perfektiivset tähendust. Läti keeles on imperfektiivse tõlgendusega osaobjekti vasteks prefiksita verb, mis ilmneb mõlemal keelesuunal ka tõlkematerjalis. Lisaks on läti keeles võimalik imperfektiivsust väljendada konstruktsiooniga prefiksita verb + adverb, milles esinev adverb on prefiksiga samatähenduslik. Nii on konstruktsioonis perfektiivsust väljendav prefiks asendatud samasisulise adverbiga, saavutades imperfektiivse tähenduse. Ka selle konstruktsiooni puhul võib näha tõlkenäidetes eesti vastena osaobjekti partitiivis, mille tõlkevastena võib omakorda eesti-läti tõlkesuunal leida osaobjekti. Läti keele imperfektiivsete (prefiksita verb) lausenäidete vastena võib mõnel harval juhul leida eesti keeles ka progressiivtarindi.Käesolev uurimus tõi perfektiivsuse ja imperfektiivsuse väljendamisel eesti ja läti keeles välja rea omavahelisi paralleele, erinevusi ja ka sarnasusi. Artikkel on mõeldud esmase sissejuhatusena väga laia teemasse, mille käsitlemisel oleks edaspidi tarvilik nii märksa avaram vaatepunkt (nt kaasata intransitiivsed verbid ja laiendada aspekti käsitlust) kui ka põhjalikum ja mitmekülgsem uurimismaterjal.Märksõnad: aspekt; imperfektiivsus; perfektiivsus; verbid; prefiksverbid; adverbid; läti keel; eesti keel

Gender agreement alternation in Aqusha Dargwa

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry Ganenkov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Gender Agreement ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Subject Agreement ◽  
Object Agreement ◽  
Gender Features

Abstract The article discusses gender agreement alternation in Aqusha Dargwa (Nakh-Daghestanian, the Caucasus, Russian Federation). The phenomenon is observed in periphrastic verbal forms with transitive verbs where gender agreement on the auxiliary can show the gender features of either the ergative subject or the absolutive direct object. Considering existing analyses of the phenomenon in terms of information structure, I argue that agreement alternation cannot be captured by sentence-topic-oriented accounts. I also discuss a structural proposal developed by Sumbatova and Lander (2014) and show that their analysis cannot be maintained in full. Instead, I propose a modified analysis according to which only subject agreement, but not object agreement, results from a cross-clausal referential dependency between the ergative subject of the lexical verb and the absolutive subject of the matrix restructuring verb. On this view, agreement alternation may be assimilated to the familiar distinction between ergative and biabsolutive constructions found elsewhere in Nakh-Daghestanian.

scholarly journals There-constructions with transitive verbs

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Bjerre ◽  
Tavs Bjerre
Keyword(s):  
Direct Object ◽  
Object Position ◽  
Transitive Verbs

In this paper we address the question of which transitive verbs allow there-insertion in Danish. We propose that two constraints have to be met in order for verbs to appear in Danish there-constructions. Firstly, as have been noted by others, an empty direct object position must be available. This constraint is not sufficient for restricting the set of verbs in there-constructions. We further propose a locative constraint. The transitive verbs allowing there-insertion will be shown to coincide with verbs that allow a locative analysis.

Morphology in Uralic Languages

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Sőrés ◽  
Krisztina Hevér-Joly
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
General Feature ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
Case System ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
North Eurasia ◽  
Agglutinative Languages

Uralic languages are synthetic, agglutinative languages, overwhelmingly suffixing, and they have a rich inflectional morphology in both the nominal and the verbal domain. The Uralic family includes about 30 languages spoken in Europe and in North Eurasia and is traditionally divided into two branches: Finno-Ugric and Samoyed languages. The separation of the branches and subgroups is very distant in time; thus, these general morphological features show a notable variation. Agglutinating is a general feature but there are some syncretisms, fusions, and suppletions and all languages have postpositions beside suffixes and some of them have prepositions. Nouns and pronouns are inflected for number (singular, plural, and in some languages for dual), person, and case but not for gender. All Uralic languages have a case system. However, the number and the nature of the cases show a great variety: from 3 to 18 cases including grammatical cases (nominative, accusative, and genitive) and other spatial and non-spatial cases. A characteristic feature of these languages is the tripartite location system. The system of personal possessive markers is particularly interesting: the person and the number of the possessor and the number of the item possessed can be marked by suffixes. Combining the expression of possession and case, the morphotactic rules differ between the languages. Comparative and superlative adjectives can be also formed by inflection. Verbs are inflected for person/number, tense, and mood. Uralic languages generally do not have the canonical passive voice. A characteristic feature of Ugric languages is the double conjugation of transitive verbs depending on the definiteness of the direct object. As verbal aspect is not an inflectional category, certain languages use a rich system of preverbs or derivational suffixes to express aspect and Aktionsart.

Verbi a supporto nel latino tardo: il caso di facio

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 145-160
Author(s):  
Giovanbattista Galdi
Keyword(s):  
Direct Object ◽  
Late Period ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Verbal Noun ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Semantic Evolution

SummarySupport verb constructions are documented throughout the history of Latin. These syntagms are characterized by the presence of a support verb with a more or less reduced semantic force, and a predicative (abstract or verbal) noun that often constitutes its direct object. The present contribution deals, specifically, with the use of facio as a support verb (as in bellum facere, iter facere, insidias facere etc.), focussing on the post-classical and late period. Two main questions shall be discussed: (a) whether, and if so, how facio becomes more productive in later centuries in both non-Christian and Christian sources; (b) what type of semantic evolution the verb undergoes in later Latin and whether, in this respect, continuity or rupture should be assumed with regard to the earlier period. This last point will enable us to suggest a more convincing explanation of an often-quoted passage of Cicero (Phil. 3. 22), in which the expression contumeliam facere is found.

PENINGKATAN KETERAMPILAN MENULIS PARAGRAF DESKRIPTIF PADA SISWA KELAS X4 SMA NEGERI 3 BULUKUMBA

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-146
Author(s):  
Suhartina Suhartina
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Peer Editing ◽  
Implementation Evaluation ◽  
Reflection Phase ◽  
Writing Skill ◽  
Planning Implementation ◽  
Classroom Action Research

This classroom action research aims to improve students' writing skill of class X4 SMA Negeri 3 Bulukumba. The subjects of the study were the students of class X SMA Negeri 3 Bulukumba as much as 42 people. The object of research is the technique of direct object and peer editing, as well as the skill of writing the description. The action is done in two cycles. Each cycle consists of four stages, namely planning, implementation, observation / evaluation, and reflection. The research data is the data writing skill descriptions collected through the guidelines of writing descriptions and observation skills. Data were analyzed descriptively quantitative. The result of research shows that firstly, the process of learning with direct object technique that can improve the writing skill of descriptive paragraph of X-4 students of SMA Negeri 3 Bulukumba is by applying direct object technique in cycle I through planning, implementation, evaluation and reflection phase. In the first cycle of learning to write a descriptive paragraph is considered less than the maximum so that learning is continued into cycle II by designing the learning using direct object engineering and peer editing techniques. Second, the learning result of descriptive paragraph writing skill with direct object and peer editing technique has increased the average score of students who in cycle I only 81.3 increased to 88.1. In addition, there is also a significant change in attitude in students.

scholarly journals Transitivity of English Verbs in Short Story “Pinnochio”

HUMANIS ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 633
Author(s):  
Putu Ayu Sada Devi Pradnyadari ◽  
I Nyoman Aryawibawa ◽  
Ni Ketut Sri Rahayuni
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Action Verb ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Undergraduate Thesis ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

This undergraduate thesis examines the type of transitive verbs found in a children story entitled “Pinocchio”, which was taken from the children story book entitled Disney Storyland Treasury, and analyzes the degree of transitivity found in the story. The data were collected using the documentation method and were analyzed using the descriptive qualitative method. In addition, in order to present the data analysis clearly, both formal and informal methods were used since the data were described in form of sentences and tables. The main theory applied in this study is proposed by Hopper and Thompson (1980) about transitivity, who said that transitivity is a matter of degree and partly because obviousness of change in the object. This theory is supported by the types of verb proposed by Givon (1984), which is used to find out the types of verb in the story. The finding of the analysis showed that there were three types of verbs found in the story namely state verb, action verb and process verb. Each verb has different degree of transitivity, where the degree of state verb is categorized as low in transitivity, action and process verbs have the highest degree of parameter of transitivity.

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