scholarly journals Individual Differences in Risk-Taking Preference of Undergraduate Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-192
Author(s):  
Elif Aysimi Duman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Risk Taking

scholarly journals Individual Differences and Similarities in the Judgement of Facial Pain: A Mixed Method Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1186-1194
Author(s):  
Sheila Glenn ◽  
Helen Poole ◽  
Paula Oulton
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Pain Assessment ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Numerical Rating Scale ◽  
Pain Catastrophizing ◽  
Sensory Sensitivity ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Numerical Rating

Accurate assessment of pain by health-care professionals is essential to ensure optimal management of pain. An under-researched area is whether personality characteristics affect perception of pain in others. The aims were (a) to determine whether individual differences are associated with participants’ ability to assess pain, and (b) to determine facial cues used in the assessment of pain. One hundred and twenty-eight undergraduate students participated. They completed questionnaire assessments of empathy, pain catastrophizing, sensory sensitivity and emotional intelligence. They then viewed and rated four adult facial images (no, medium, and high pain—12 images total) using a 0–10 numerical rating scale, and noted the reasons for their ratings. (a) Empathy was the only characteristic associated with accuracy of pain assessment. (b) Descriptions of eyes and mouth, and eyes alone were most commonly associated with assessment accuracy. This was the case despite variations in the expression of pain in the four faces. Future studies could evaluate the effect on accuracy of pain assessment of (a) training empathic skills for pain assessment, and (b) emphasizing attention to the eyes, and eyes and mouth.

Pronoun reversals: who, when, and why?

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip S. Dale ◽  
Catherine Crain-Thoreson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Pronoun Use ◽  
Processing Resources ◽  
Unstructured Play

ABSTRACTSeventeen of a sample of 30 precocious talkers aged 1;8 produced at least one pronoun reversal (I/you) during unstructured play. This finding led to an examination of the role of cognitive and linguistic individual differences as well as contextual factors and processing complexity as determinants of pronoun reversal. Contrary to predictions derived from previous hypotheses, there were few differences between reversers and non-reversers, other than higher use of second person forms by reversers. Reversals were more likely to occur in certain contexts: semantically reversible predicates with two noun phrases, and in imitations (though the rate of imitation was lower overall in reversers). We propose that pronoun reversals commonly result from a failure to perform a deictic shift, which is especially likely when children's psycholinguistic processing resources are taxed. Children who did not produce any pronoun reversals tended to avoid pronoun use, especially second person forms. Overt reversal may thus reflect a risk-taking approach to language acquisition, which may be particularly characteristic of precocious children.

scholarly journals Enterpreneurial Talent and Intention Among Undergraduate Students: Case Study at English Language Education Department

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
Amri Tanduklangi ◽  
Muhammad Khusnun Muhsin ◽  
Carlina Amri
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
English Language ◽  
Business Management ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Literacy Program ◽  
Economic Literacy ◽  
Education Department ◽  
Strongly Agree

Entrepreneurship plays an important role in generating new wealth in an economy. The growth of entrepreneurial activities will produce innovation, create new jobs for the society, trigger economic growth, and reduce unemployment rates. Eentrepreneurship is a topic requiring a lot of attentions from academicians and researchers, especially the unemployment problem arising among undergraduate students. Therefore, the aim of this article was to have a good understanding on entrepreneurial talent and intention of undergraduate university students. The antecedent factor would be measuring students’ risk taking, persuading, ambition, performer, leadership, and business management skill behavior.  The subjects of the study were  undergraduate students who are majoring in English at the language education department and have attended  five days workshop on  economic literacy program conducted by Global Economic Awareness Project (GEAP) in 2019 academic year.  This research study used quantative method and a research designed survey was administered to gather questions with answers associated with a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The questionnaires of the research used Fishbein and  Ajzen’s Planned Behavior (TPB) theory, Shaver and  Scott’s personal traits, and Bandura’s Self efficacy theory.  The findings of the research reveal that  ‘risk taking’ and ‘ambition’ factor had  favorable results after students have attended short entrepreneurial course. Whereas, students’ still says “neutral” on ‘persuader’, ‘ambitious’, ‘performer’, ‘leadership’, and ‘business management factor’. It is safe to assume that students’ still had fair intention in developing their entrepreneurial interest because they have little to no experience on entreprenurial field in hand. Explicit real-life entrepreneurship related activities were recommended for future workshop to upgrade the student’s entrepreneurship talent and intention. Keywords: Entrepreneurship Talent and Intention, Global Economic Awareness, Economic Literacy Program

Social Preferences as an Individual Difference in Offender Decision-making

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chae M. Jaynes ◽  
Thomas A. Loughran
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Strategic Decision Making ◽  
Temporal Orientation ◽  
Self Interest

Objectives: We examined the relationship between social preference game behavior and offender status and tested whether this relationship was attributed to genuine prosocial preferences or confounded by individual differences in future orientation, sensation seeking, and risk-taking. Methods: Offender and nonoffender samples played the dictator and ultimatum games. Ordered and generalized ordered logistic regression models were used to test the hypothesis that when compared to nonoffenders, offenders would demonstrate increased self-interest, while also considering competing theoretical mechanisms. Results: Offenders appeared to be more self-interested as indicated by smaller offers in the dictator game. This relationship, however, was attributed to differences in future orientation between the two groups rather than differences in social preferences. Net of demographic controls and competing theoretical mechanisms, however, offenders made smaller offers in the ultimatum game. We argue this finding revealed differences in strategic decision-making between the two groups. Conclusions: Results suggested that offenders were not distinguishable from nonoffenders by individual differences in social preferences. While nonoffenders made larger offers in both games, this finding was attributed to differences in temporal orientation and risk-taking rather than differences in prosocial preferences. This supported the rational choice assumption of self-interest and highlighted differences in strategic decision-making between offenders and nonoffenders.

scholarly journals Individual differences in risk‐taking affect foraging across different landscapes of fear

Oikos ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (12) ◽  
pp. 1891-1902
Author(s):  
Philip O. M. Steinhoff ◽  
Bennet Warfen ◽  
Sissy Voigt ◽  
Gabriele Uhl ◽  
Melanie Dammhahn
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Risk Taking

The effect of leader risk-taking on subordinate felt trust

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Thomas Hanna ◽  
Alexandria K. Elms ◽  
Harjinder Gill ◽  
David J. Stanley ◽  
Deborah M. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Relational Leadership ◽  
Crowd Sourcing ◽  
Leadership Model ◽  
High Importance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Felt Trust

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how leaders’ behaviour and subordinates’ personality can impact subordinates’ feelings of being trusted. Feeling trusted by one’s leader is associated with increased performance, organisational citizenship behaviours and job satisfaction (Baer et al., 2015; Lester and Brower, 2003).Design/methodology/approachParticipants read a vignette in which a leader’s behaviour was manipulated and then rated the extent to which they felt trusted. Participants in Sample 1 consisted of 726 undergraduate students with work experience, and Sample 2 consisted of 1,196 people with work experience recruited over CrowdFlower, a crowd-sourcing website.FindingsResults from both samples indicate that a leader delegating a task increases subordinate felt trust, for Sample 1p<0.001,d=0.75 and for Sample 2p<0.001,d=0.90. Further, subordinate felt trust increases when the task delegated is of high importance, for Sample 1p<0.001,d=0.42 and for Sample 2p<0.001,d=0.58. The likelihood of the delegated task resulting in negative outcomes and subordinate propensity to trust have negligible effects on felt trust.Originality/valueDespite the organisational benefits of felt trust, it is still unclear how to elicit subordinates’ felt trust. This study is one of the first to empirically examine leader behaviour that may lead subordinates to feel trusted in the workplace. These findings support theoretical underpinnings of the relational leadership model and the risk-based model of trust.

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