scholarly journals Individual differences in risk‐taking affect foraging across different landscapes of fear

Oikos ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (12) ◽  
pp. 1891-1902
Author(s):  
Philip O. M. Steinhoff ◽  
Bennet Warfen ◽  
Sissy Voigt ◽  
Gabriele Uhl ◽  
Melanie Dammhahn
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Risk Taking

Pronoun reversals: who, when, and why?

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip S. Dale ◽  
Catherine Crain-Thoreson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Pronoun Use ◽  
Processing Resources ◽  
Unstructured Play

ABSTRACTSeventeen of a sample of 30 precocious talkers aged 1;8 produced at least one pronoun reversal (I/you) during unstructured play. This finding led to an examination of the role of cognitive and linguistic individual differences as well as contextual factors and processing complexity as determinants of pronoun reversal. Contrary to predictions derived from previous hypotheses, there were few differences between reversers and non-reversers, other than higher use of second person forms by reversers. Reversals were more likely to occur in certain contexts: semantically reversible predicates with two noun phrases, and in imitations (though the rate of imitation was lower overall in reversers). We propose that pronoun reversals commonly result from a failure to perform a deictic shift, which is especially likely when children's psycholinguistic processing resources are taxed. Children who did not produce any pronoun reversals tended to avoid pronoun use, especially second person forms. Overt reversal may thus reflect a risk-taking approach to language acquisition, which may be particularly characteristic of precocious children.

Social Preferences as an Individual Difference in Offender Decision-making

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chae M. Jaynes ◽  
Thomas A. Loughran
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Strategic Decision Making ◽  
Temporal Orientation ◽  
Self Interest

Objectives: We examined the relationship between social preference game behavior and offender status and tested whether this relationship was attributed to genuine prosocial preferences or confounded by individual differences in future orientation, sensation seeking, and risk-taking. Methods: Offender and nonoffender samples played the dictator and ultimatum games. Ordered and generalized ordered logistic regression models were used to test the hypothesis that when compared to nonoffenders, offenders would demonstrate increased self-interest, while also considering competing theoretical mechanisms. Results: Offenders appeared to be more self-interested as indicated by smaller offers in the dictator game. This relationship, however, was attributed to differences in future orientation between the two groups rather than differences in social preferences. Net of demographic controls and competing theoretical mechanisms, however, offenders made smaller offers in the ultimatum game. We argue this finding revealed differences in strategic decision-making between the two groups. Conclusions: Results suggested that offenders were not distinguishable from nonoffenders by individual differences in social preferences. While nonoffenders made larger offers in both games, this finding was attributed to differences in temporal orientation and risk-taking rather than differences in prosocial preferences. This supported the rational choice assumption of self-interest and highlighted differences in strategic decision-making between offenders and nonoffenders.

scholarly journals Heritability of Risk-Taking in Adolescence: A Longitudinal Twin Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 366-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey P. Anokhin ◽  
Simon Golosheykin ◽  
Julia Grant ◽  
Andrew C. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Behavioral Measure ◽  
Longitudinal Stability ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Longitudinal Twin Study ◽  
Adolescent Twins

AbstractAdolescents are prone to risk-taking behaviors leading to adverse consequences such as substance abuse, accidents, violence, and victimization. However, little is known about the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to individual differences in the propensity for risk-taking. This study investigated developmental changes, longitudinal stability, and heritability of risk-taking using data from 752 adolescent twins including 169 MZ and 203 DZ pairs. The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), an experimental behavioral measure of risk taking, was administered to the twins at age 12 and then re-administered to a part of this sample at age 14. Risk-taking increased with age, but individual differences showed a significant longitudinal stability. Genetic model fitting showed that at age 12, heritability of risk-taking was modest but significant in both sexes, whereas at age 14, heritability increased to 55% in males and became nonsignificant in females. The findings suggest that propensity for risk-taking as measured by BART can be a useful endophenotype for genetic studies of adolescent externalizing psychopathology, however, the utility of this measure may be limited by sex differences in heritability.

Individual differences in risk perception versus risk taking: Handedness and interhemispheric interaction

2007 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Christman ◽  
John D. Jasper ◽  
Varalakshmi Sontam ◽  
Bruce Cooil
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Interhemispheric Interaction ◽  
Versus Risk

scholarly journals Brain-outcome associations for risk taking depend on the measures used to capture individual differences

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loreen Tisdall ◽  
Renato Frey ◽  
Andreas Horn ◽  
Dirk Ostwald ◽  
Lilla Horvath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
The Core ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Human Adults

Maladaptive risk taking can have severe individual and societal consequences, thus individual differences are prominent targets for intervention and prevention. How to capture individual differences in risk taking, however, presents a major challenge because convergence between measures is mostly low. Considering that functional brain markers are being examined for their potential to account for various risk-taking related outcomes, we urgently need to establish the role of risk-taking measures for establishing reliable brain-outcome associations. To address this issue, we analyzed within-participant neuroimaging data for two widely used risk-taking measures collected from the imaging subsample of the Basel–Berlin Risk Study (N = 116 young human adults), and computed brain-outcome associations within/out-of-measure as well as within/out-of-session. Although we observed a regionally-specific convergence of group-level activation differences for the two imaging measures in the nucleus accumbens, one of the core brain regions associated with risk taking, results from our individual differences analyses suggest that (1) individual differences in brain activation are not preserved between measures, and (2) the success of brain-outcome associations for risk taking is highly dependent on the measures used to capture neural and behavioral individual differences. Our results help to better filter risk- taking measures for their potential to establish brain markers for intervention or prevention purposes.

scholarly journals Three Dimensions of User Risk-Taking: Individual Differences in the TriRB

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-271
Author(s):  
Noam Ben Asher ◽  
Joachim Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Risk Measures ◽  
Computer Systems ◽  
Utility Functions ◽  
Three Dimensions

Ben-Asher and Meyer (2018) developed a model of risk-related behavior in computer systems, named the Triad of Risk-related Behavior (TriRB). It identified three behaviors – the exposure to risk, the use of security features and the responses to security indications. Various factors affected the three behaviors differently. We report an experiment with 83 participants who performed the Tetris-game like task, designed for studying the TriRB. We also collected data on four measures of individual differences in risk-taking (BART, DOSPERT and questionnaires on assessing risk aversion in the utility functions). We computed the correlations between the behaviors in the TriRB and the risk measures. Different risk measures were correlated with the three behaviors, supporting the notion that these are indeed three different risk-related behaviors and not expressions of a general underlying tendency to take risks. We discuss some implications of these findings for cybersecurity research and praxis.

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