scholarly journals Using spatial tools for high impact zoonotic agents’ surveillance design in backyard production systems from central Chile

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Alegria-Moran ◽  
Andres Lazo ◽  
Santiago Urcelay ◽  
Christopher Hamilton-West
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Central Chile

PRODUCTION SYSTEM-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN FARMERS' DEMAND FOR GREATER YAM (DIOSCOREA ALATA) VARIETAL ATTRIBUTES IN ORISSA STATE, INDIA

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-482
Author(s):  
P. SETHURAMAN SIVAKUMAR ◽  
M. NEDUNCHEZHIYAN ◽  
S. PARAMAGURU ◽  
R. C. RAY
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Dioscorea Alata ◽  
Subsistence Farmers ◽  
Improved Varieties ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Greater Yam

SUMMARYGreater yam (Dioscorea alata), a popular crop in India, is cultivated widely in Orissa state, India. In spite of the availability of several improved varieties, farmers preferred the local landraces. An investigation was carried out to identify whether the varietal preferences of yam farmers in two production systems, subsistence and commercial, were different. While the subsistence farmers demanded the yam varieties adaptable to a wide range of soils, the commercial farmers preferred the anthracnose-resistant cultivars. This study demonstrated that the farmers' varietal preferences were highly influenced by the production systems. Identifying the convergence/divergence of varietal preferences across production systems can help breeders to develop the high impact varieties.

scholarly journals First detection and characterization ofSalmonellaspp. in poultry and swine raised in backyard production systems in central Chile

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (15) ◽  
pp. 3180-3190 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. ALEGRIA-MORAN ◽  
D. RIVERA ◽  
V. TOLEDO ◽  
A. I. MORENO-SWITT ◽  
C. HAMILTON-WEST
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Backyard Poultry ◽  
Molecular Serotyping ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Animal Replacement ◽  
O Antigens

SUMMARYLittle is known aboutSalmonellaserovars circulating in backyard poultry and swine populations worldwide. Backyard production systems (BPS) that raise swine and/or poultry are distributed across Chile, but are more heavily concentrated in central Chile, where industrialized systems are in close contact with BPS. This study aims to detect and identify circulatingSalmonellaserovars in poultry and swine raised in BPS. BacteriologicalSalmonellaisolation was carried out for 1744 samples collected from 329 BPS in central Chile. Faecal samples were taken from swine, poultry, geese, ducks, turkeys and peacocks, as well as environmental faecal samples. Confirmation ofSalmonellaspp. was performed usinginvA-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Identification of serovars was carried out using a molecular serotyping approach, where serogroups were confirmed by a multiplex PCR ofSalmonellaserogroup genes for fiveSalmonellaO antigens (i.e., D, B, C1, C2-C3, and E1), along with two PCR amplifications, followed by sequencing offliCandfljBgenes. A total of 25 samples (1·4% of total samples) from 15 BPS (4·6 % of total sampled BPS) were found positive forSalmonella. Positive samples were found in poultry (chickens and ducks), swine and environmental sources. Molecular prediction of serovars onSalmonellaisolated showed 52·0% ofS.Typhimurium, 16·0% ofS.Infantis, 16·0%S.Enteritidis, 8·0%S.Hadar, 4·0%S.Tennessee and 4·0%S.Kentucky. Poor biosecurity measures were found on sampled BPS, where a high percentage of mixed confinement systems (72·8%); and almost half of the sampled BPS with improper management of infected mortalities (e.g. selling the carcasses of infected animals for consumption). Number of birds other than chickens (P= 0·014; OR = 1·04; IC (95%) = 1·01–1·07), mixed productive objective (P= 0·030; OR = 5·35; IC (95%) = 1·24–27·59) and mixed animal replacement origin (P= 0017; OR = 5·19; IC (95%) = 1·35–20·47) were detected as risk factors for BPS positivity toSalmonellaspp. This is the first evidence of serovars ofSalmonellaspp. circulating in BPS from central Chile. Detected serovars have been linked to human and animal clinical outbreaks worldwide and in Chile, highlighting the importance of BPS on the control and dissemination ofSalmonellaserovars potentially hazardous to public health.

scholarly journals Cut-off lows, moisture plumes, and their influence on extreme-precipitation days in central Chile

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Muñoz ◽  
David M. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Daily Precipitation ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
Windward Side ◽  
Moist Convection ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Deep Moist Convection ◽  
High Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Records

AbstractA study of 500-hPa cut-off lows in central Chile during 1979–2017 was conducted to contrast cut-off lows associated with the lowest quartile of daily-precipitation amounts (LOW25) with cut-off lows associated with the highest quartile (HIGH25). To understand the differences between low- and high-precipitation cut-off lows, daily-precipitation records, radiosonde observations, and reanalyses were used to analyze the three ingredients necessary for deep moist convection (instability, lift, moisture) at the eastern and equatorial edge of these lows. Instability was generally small, if any, and showed no major differences between LOW25 and HIGH25 events. Synoptic-scale ascent associated with Q-vector convergence also showed little difference between LOW25 and HIGH25 events. In contrast, the moisture distribution around LOW25 and HIGH25 cut-off lows was different, with a moisture plume more defined and more intense equatorward of HIGH25 cut-off lows compared to LOW25 cut-off lows where the moisture plume occurred poleward of the cut-off low. The presence of the moisture plume equatorward of HIGH25 cut-off lows may have contributed to the shorter persistence of HIGH25 events by providing a source for latent-heat release when the moisture plume reached the windward side of the Andes. Indeed, whereas 48% of LOW25 cut-off lows persisted for longer than 72 h, only 25% of HIGH25 cut-off lows did, despite both systems occurring mostly during the rainy season (May to September). The occurrence of an equatorial moisture plume on the eastern and equatorial edge of cut-off lows is fairly common during high-impact precipitation events, and this mechanism could help explain high-impact precipitation where the occurrence of cut-off lows and moisture plumes is frequent.

Sheep production systems in the semi-arid zone: Changes and simulated bio-economic performances in a case study in Central Chile

2015 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 209-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Toro-Mujica ◽  
Claudio Aguilar ◽  
Raúl Vera ◽  
José Rivas ◽  
Antón García
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Sheep Production ◽  
Semi Arid

scholarly journals Risk factors and spatial relative risk assessment for influenza A virus in poultry and swine in backyard production systems of central Chile

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 518-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Bravo‐Vasquez ◽  
Cecilia Baumberger ◽  
Pedro Jimenez‐Bluhm ◽  
Francisca Di Pillo ◽  
Andres Lazo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Relative Risk Assessment

scholarly journals Assessing Antibiotic Residues in Poultry Eggs from Backyard Production Systems in Chile, First Approach to a Non-Addressed Issue in Farm Animals

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javiera Cornejo ◽  
Ekaterina Pokrant ◽  
Francisco Figueroa ◽  
Ricardo Riquelme ◽  
Pablo Galdames ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Antibiotic Residues ◽  
Family Needs ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Poultry Eggs ◽  
Antimicrobial Residues ◽  
Bacterial Growth Inhibition

Eggs are the main product generated from backyard poultry production systems (BPS) because they can quickly be consumed and sold to meet essential family needs. Nevertheless, antimicrobial residues can accumulate in this product. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of antimicrobial residues in eggs produced by poultry kept in BPS in central Chile. To assess this, eggs were obtained from 83 BPS and analysed to evaluate the presence of antibiotic residues (families: tetracyclines, beta-lactams, aminoglycosides and macrolides), using a Four-Plate Test screening method for the detection, based on a bacterial growth inhibition method. Results show a lack of biosecurity procedures at BPS level, making these systems susceptible to the dissemination of antimicrobial residues. These include intensive animal production units in the proximity, and the presence of shared watercourses with other farms. Furthermore, 66% of the surveyed owners are indicated as giving pharmacological treatments to their chickens. Eggs from 61 BPS were positive for at least one antimicrobial. Fifty-three BPS were positive for more than one antimicrobial, and one BPS was positive for all four antimicrobials tested. Consequently, there is a risk that poultry eggs produced in BPS in central Chile carry residues of different families of antimicrobials.

scholarly journals First detection of Salmonella spp. in backyard production farms from central Chile

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Alegria-Moran ◽  
Andres Lazo ◽  
Dacil Rivera ◽  
Viviana Toledo ◽  
Andrea Moreno-Switt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Peptone Water ◽  
Random Sampling Approach ◽  
Sampling Approach

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to detect the presence of circulatingSalmonellaspp. on backyard production systems (BPS) with poultryor swine breeding in central ChileIntroductionCharacteristics and conditions of backyard production systems(BPS) transform them into potential maintainers of priority zoonoticagents, likeSalmonellaspp., highly important agent because of itsimpact in animal and public health (1).MethodsA stratified and proportional random sampling approach wasperformed (2), based on 15 provinces from the study area (regions ofValparaiso, Metropolitana and LGB O’Higgins). 329 BPS sampled(equivalent to 1,744 samples). Stool content inoculated in test tubeswith peptone water (APT, Difco®) supplemented with Novobiocin(Sigma®), incubated for 18 to 24 hours at 37° C. Subcultured onmodify semisolid Rappaport Vassiliadis (MSRV, Oxoid®) agarsupplemented with Novobiocin, incubated for 24 to 48 hours at 41.5° C.Samples compatible with growth and/or diffusion were sub-culturedby exhaustion on Xylose Lysine Deoxychocolate (XLD, Difco®) agarand then incubated for 24 hours at 37° C (3). Confirmation made byconventional PCR forinvAgenes (4). Serotypes were predicted usinga combination of PCR and sequencing, aimed directly at genes codingfor O, H1 and H2 antigens (5).Results1,744 samples were collected belonging to the 329 BPS. 15 positiveBPS (4.6%) detected. Serotypes detected correspond toSalmonellaTyphimurium (21.7%), followed bySalmonellaEnteritidis (13.0%)andSalmonellaInfantis (13.0%),SalmonellaHadar or Istanbul(8.7%),Salmonella[z42] or Tenessee (4.4%),SalmonellaKentucky(4.4) and unknown (34.8%) (Table 1).ConclusionsThis is the first evidence of serotypes ofSalmonellaspp. circulatingat a regional level in BPS from central Chile. A relevant pathogen forpublic health.

Postmortem and in situ TEM methods to study the mechanism of failure in controlled-morphology high-impact polystrene resin

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 178-179
Author(s):  
R. C. Cieslinski ◽  
M. T. Dineen ◽  
J. L. Hahnfeld
Keyword(s):  
Poisson Ratio ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
High Impact ◽  
In Situ Tem ◽  
Styrene Copolymers ◽  
Controlled Morphology ◽  
Point Bend ◽  
Mechanism Of Failure ◽  
Impact Energies

Advanced Styrenic resins are being developed throughout the industry to bridge the properties gap between traditional HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) and ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene copolymers) resins. These new resins have an unprecedented balance of high gloss and high impact energies. Dow Chemical's contribution to this area is based on a unique combination of rubber morphologies including labyrinth, onion skin, and core-shell rubber particles. This new resin, referred as a controlled morphology resin (CMR), was investigated to determine the toughening mechanism of this unique rubber morphology. This poster will summarize the initial studies of these resins using the double-notch four-point bend test of Su and Yee, tensile stage electron microscopy, and Poisson Ratio analysis of the fracture mechanism.

The Collaborative Network Approach: a model for advancing patient-centric research for Castleman disease and other rare diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
Mary Zuccato ◽  
Dustin Shilling ◽  
David C. Fajgenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Rare Diseases ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Castleman Disease ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Collaborative Network ◽  
Network Approach ◽  
Grant Applications ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
Patient Centric

Abstract There are ∼7000 rare diseases affecting 30 000 000 individuals in the U.S.A. 95% of these rare diseases do not have a single Food and Drug Administration-approved therapy. Relatively, limited progress has been made to develop new or repurpose existing therapies for these disorders, in part because traditional funding models are not as effective when applied to rare diseases. Due to the suboptimal research infrastructure and treatment options for Castleman disease, the Castleman Disease Collaborative Network (CDCN), founded in 2012, spearheaded a novel strategy for advancing biomedical research, the ‘Collaborative Network Approach’. At its heart, the Collaborative Network Approach leverages and integrates the entire community of stakeholders — patients, physicians and researchers — to identify and prioritize high-impact research questions. It then recruits the most qualified researchers to conduct these studies. In parallel, patients are empowered to fight back by supporting research through fundraising and providing their biospecimens and clinical data. This approach democratizes research, allowing the entire community to identify the most clinically relevant and pressing questions; any idea can be translated into a study rather than limiting research to the ideas proposed by researchers in grant applications. Preliminary results from the CDCN and other organizations that have followed its Collaborative Network Approach suggest that this model is generalizable across rare diseases.

Pelvic Impairments

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-10
Author(s):  
James Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Ring ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Pelvic Fractures ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Impact Event ◽  
Concomitant Injuries ◽  
Rating Process ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
A Minor

Abstract Pelvic fractures are relatively uncommon, and in workers’ compensation most pelvic fractures are the result of an acute, high-impact event such as a fall from a roof or an automobile collision. A person with osteoporosis may sustain a pelvic fracture from a lower-impact injury such as a minor fall. Further, major parts of the bladder, bowel, reproductive organs, nerves, and blood vessels pass through the pelvic ring, and traumatic pelvic fractures that result from a high-impact event often coincide with damaged organs, significant bleeding, and sensory and motor dysfunction. Following are the steps in the rating process: 1) assign the diagnosis and impairment class for the pelvis; 2) assign the functional history, physical examination, and clinical studies grade modifiers; and 3) apply the net adjustment formula. Because pelvic fractures are so uncommon, raters may be less familiar with the rating process for these types of injuries. The diagnosis-based methodology for rating pelvic fractures is consistent with the process used to rate other musculoskeletal impairments. Evaluators must base the rating on reliable data when the patient is at maximum medical impairment and must assess possible impairment from concomitant injuries.

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