PATHOGEN REDUCTION AT A CLASS B LAND APPLICATION SITE: AN EVALUATION OF FEDERAL LAND APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (7) ◽  
pp. 8237-8259
Author(s):  
Amber M. Barritt ◽  
Brett P. Goodman ◽  
Kim O. Zoltek
Keyword(s):  
Land Application ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Class B ◽  
Federal Land ◽  
Pathogen Reduction ◽  
Application Requirements

Exposure and risk assessment of Salmonella in recycled residuals

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1061-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles P. Gerba ◽  
Nohelia Castro-del Campo ◽  
John P. Brooks ◽  
Ian L. Pepper
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Class A ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Class B ◽  
Airborne Transport ◽  
Class A Biosolids

The potential health effects of Salmonella found in wastewater residuals is dependent on the exposure of individuals to the organism. This paper provides a risk assessment for human infection from Salmonella due to direct contact with Class B biosolids, and from contact with Class A biosolids following regrowth of Salmonella. In addition, a risk assessment is provided for infection via airborne transport of bioaerosols from Class B biosolids and biosolids in which regrowth had occurred, to off-site communities. Results of the risk characterization imply that the risk of human infection from direct contact with Class B land applied residuals and subsequent ingestion is low. In contrast, the risk from direct contact with Class A residuals following regrowth is greater. Risks from airborne transport of Salmonella via bioaerosols away from a Class B land application site are also low. However, once again the risk from aerosols resulting from biosolids in which regrowth had occurred was greater. Based on these analyses, we conclude that it is highly unlikely that Salmonella infections will occur from land applied Class A or B residuals. However, risks become significant if Class A biosolids are stored anaerobically i.e. saturated, prior to land application.

The measurement of aerosolized endotoxin from land application of Class B biosolids in Southeast Arizona

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Brooks ◽  
B D Tanner ◽  
C P Gerba ◽  
I L Pepper
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Wind Vector ◽  
Background Concentrations ◽  
Class B ◽  
Biosolids Application

The purpose of this study was to determine aerosolized endotoxin concentrations downwind of a biosolids land application site. Aerosol samples were collected from biosolids land application sites, tractor operation, and an aeration basin located within an open-air wastewater treatment plant. Aerosolized endotoxin above background concentrations was detected from all sites, at levels ranging from below detection up to 1800 EU m–3 of air. Biosolids loading operations resulted in the greatest concentrations of endotoxin (mean 344 EU m–3). As downwind (perpendicular to wind vector) distance increased from sources (2–200 m), levels of endotoxin decreased to near background (without biosolids application) concentrations. Overall, the detected levels of aerosolized endotoxin were within past proposed aerosolized endotoxin limits (250–2000 EU m–3) by other occupational exposure studies. Occasionally, peak concentrations were found to be above these limits. Sites in which soil was being aerosolized resulted in greater concentrations of endotoxin with or without biosolids, which suggested that the majority of endotoxin may in fact be of soil origin. This study evaluated the presence of aerosolized endotoxin from the land application of biosolids and showed that these levels were within ranges for concern suggested by other studies and that this area of research needs further investigation. Key words: biosolids, endotoxin, aerosol, bioaerosol, lipopolysaccharide.

Class B Land Application: A Long-term, Highly Successful Public-Private Partnership

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 1056-1064
Author(s):  
Jake Finlinson ◽  
Dave Ruud ◽  
Andy Bary ◽  
Maile Lono-Batura
Keyword(s):  
Land Application ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
Class B

Preliminary evaluation of biosolids characteristics for anaerobic membrane reactors treating municipal wastewaters

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1446-1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qirong Dong ◽  
Martha Dagnew ◽  
Jeff Cumin ◽  
Wayne Parker
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Membrane Reactors ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Secondary Sludge ◽  
Volatile Solids ◽  
Class B

This study assessed the characteristics of biosolids of a pilot-scale anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) treating municipal wastewater. The production of total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS) was comparable to that reported for the extended aeration system at solids residence time (SRT) longer than 40 days. The yields of TS and VS were reduced as SRT increased from 40 to 100 days and increased with the addition of 26 mg/L of FeCl3. The AnMBR destroyed 60–82% of the VS loading in feed wastewater and hence it was concluded the biosolids met the requirements for vector attraction reduction for land application. The concentrations of volatile suspended solids and total suspended solids in the sludge were less than those reported after anaerobic digestion of conventional primary and secondary sludge mixtures, and hence dewatering of the waste stream may be required for some applications. The nutrient content in terms of total Kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphorus was similar to that of anaerobically digested municipal sludges. The dewaterability of the biosolids was poorer than that reported for sludges from aerobic treatment and anaerobically digested sludges. Dewaterability was improved by addition of FeCl3 and reduced SRT. The biosolids met standards for land application with regards to the concentration of heavy metals but would need further treatment to meet Class B pathogen indicator criteria.

Sustainability of Land Application of Class B Biosolids

2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (S5) ◽  
pp. S-58-S-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian L. Pepper ◽  
Huruy Zerzghi ◽  
John P. Brooks ◽  
Charles P. Gerba
Keyword(s):  
Land Application ◽  
Class B

scholarly journals Field studies measuring the aerosolization of endotoxin during the land application of Class B biosolids

Aerobiologia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Herrmann ◽  
R. J. Grosser ◽  
D. Farrar ◽  
R. B. Brobst
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Class B

Long-Term Effects of Land Application of Class B Biosolids on the Soil Microbial Populations, Pathogens, and Activity

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 402-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huruy Zerzghi ◽  
Charles P. Gerba ◽  
John P. Brooks ◽  
Ian L. Pepper
Keyword(s):  
Land Application ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Class B
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